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circus 611 to Circus five four six BCE
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who work with metaphysics first
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transcribed 6th Century BC
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the principal ideas are that the
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Universe of rose out of an indefinite
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her massive undifferentiated material
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the basic material of the universe was
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none of the elements Earth
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but something intermediate
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the world was generated when the hot and
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the cold was separated from the
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boundless by its Eternal motion
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the Earth is shaped like a drum and is
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surrounded by fire-filled hoops
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with holes on the inner sides
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the sun moon and stars
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Justice is achieved in nature by the
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process of a return of all things to
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dailies of myelitis is traditionally
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credited with having been the first
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philosopher since he was the first to
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put forward Aid not mythological account
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of the origin and nature of things
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but we don't know more of his views than
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that he claimed that all things
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originated from water and it is unlikely
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that he worked out this thesis in detail
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it remains for his pupil and successor
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to produce the first comprehensive
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natural philosophy a system of
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astonishing Acumen and sophistication
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an axiban didn't conceived his problems
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with that of explaining how the present
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constitution of the universe developed
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out of a primordial condition of
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simplicity apparently he did not
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consider the possibility the things I'd
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always been much the same
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to this extent he inherited the notion
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Evolution from near Eastern mythologies
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which all told us how the world had been
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fashioned out of a pre-existing chaos or
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but it rejected Divine personal agency
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and in substituting a
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more or less continuous process for
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separate active creation an accident
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radically transformed the idea
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anaximanded postulated an
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undifferentiated stuff out of which the
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world arose he called it the boundless
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this was not any one of the traditional
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or rather that they at that they'd
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missed fire and water but something
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intermediate since it was no more wet to
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dry and no more hot than cold it was
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presumably dump and tepid
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in opposition to theories who held at
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the basic stuffed every water and
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axemander conceived it as the neutral
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on the ground that the elements are in
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opposition to under the air is cold
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and therefore if any one of them were
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infinite the rest would have ceased to
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this is the first recorded philosophical
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a criticism of a predecessor's view
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supported by an appeal to reason rather
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than to Revelation or to a special mode
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the boundless was supposed to be
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infinite in extent and ageless and
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deathless that is infinite in time
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Divine but only because of its
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agelessness and deathlessness
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he did he did not attribute to it any
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characteristics of Personality or as far
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intelligent consciousness
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the boundless was also said to Encompass
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all the worlds implying an infinite or
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at least indefinitely large number of
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individual worlds like this one
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the initial step in the generation of a
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world occurs when as a result of an
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eternal motion we're not told how
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something capable of getting hot and
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Eternal is separated off
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the hot and the cold conceive the things
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not as qualities of a substance separate
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and at the same time emotion in rotation
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is imparted to them the heart which is
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fire it circles like a bark around a
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the cold which contains earth-based and
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into course these latter three also
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separate the Earth remaining at the
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with the water in a ring around it which
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is in turn and closed in a circle of
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Mists the fire around the misted water
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Heats them until pressure builds up
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which combined with the subterfugal
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results in a cosmic explosion
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the myth is caused to shut up the fire
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in gigantic hoops like inner tubes with
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circular around the Earth
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the Earth is shaped like a job
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the diameter being three times as great
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as the depth we live on one of the flat
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those supported by nothing the Earth
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remains at the center because of its
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equal distance from everything
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the surface of the Earth which was at
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first entirely submerged is now partly
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dry and it keeps getting drier through
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continued evaporation
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the sea is what is left of the original
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moisture the fire has dried up most of
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it and turned the rest salt
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fire-filled Hoops have missed at
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distances of 18 and 27.
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Earth radio throughout the Earth and
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revolve around it each of these hoops
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has on its inner side one hole
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like the nozzle of a bellows
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or in a more button figure like the
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valve hole of an inner tube
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through which the fire shines the hoop
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18 earth radii out is
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18 earth radiate out is the moon the
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the diameter of the Sun that is of the
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opening in the sun hoop is as great as
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eclipses and the moon's phases are
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explained as obstructions over the holes
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we are not told what closes them
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the stars are the innermost Hoops
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presumably nine earth radii altruists
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and aximando would understandably infer
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that they were the Hoops lyricist
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for otherwise the Hoops of sun and moon
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ought to appear as black bands in the
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night sky but these thin faint star
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would not interfere with the greater
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Lights of the Sun and the Moon
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even if Alexander did not affirm the
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rotation of the earth his model of the
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world contains two very important new
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ideas what is that over the Earth
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without material support an earlier and
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indeed money later cosmologists
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thought themselves obliged to explain
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this IRS fixity by providing
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supports anax abander saying that such
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shifts only moved the problem back
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a step or two without sort of solver yet
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declared boldly that the Earth stays at
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the center because of its equal distance
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the other new idea is that of
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exploration in terms of a theory
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involving postulated entities for we
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certainly do not see the Hoops we see
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only the breathing holes
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why did al-aximand apostolate the Hoops
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instead of resting content with a
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simpler Common Sense conception of fiery
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our ancient sources give no hint however
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only one answer thieves possible and
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axabanda must have raised this way
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heavy bodies near the Earth tend to move
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towards the center of concentration of
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math that is towards the center of the
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earth now the Earth being a very heavy
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body should likewise move towards the
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greater concentration of mass if there
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and there appear to be at least two the
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Sun and the Moon therefore if the Sun
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and Moon are what they appear to be the
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Earth ought to move toward the Sun
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or they taught us since this does not
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happen the Earth must really be
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equidisted from these bodies despite
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this condition could only hold if the
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bodies around the Earth
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symmetrically that is our Hoops of which
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only the breathing holes are visible
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the idea of Messed wrapping up fire
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which seems strange to us was natural
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enough to relax Amanda since light
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since lighting emerging from clouds
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since light lighting emerging from
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clouds easily suggests such an ocean
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we know that in fact Alexander explained
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lightning in some such way
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when the wind is shut up by the cloud
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and bursts forth violently the tearing
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of the cloud makes the noise of thunder
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and the rift gives the appearance of a
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if this conjectural restoration of
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al-aximanded threesling is correct then
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examander grasped the essential nature
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of theoretical explanation
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overlaw or natural regularity holding
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in this instance gravitation and
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accounting for all generalized verb
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observation falling bodies on the
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Earth's surface leading to the
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hypothesis of unobserved entities the
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Hoops in order to attend render the
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other observed phenomena the Sun the
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consisted with the law
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this is nine tenths of scientific method
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how do you devised or between the
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necessity of some tests of the hoop
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hypothesis he would have had the other
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and even if he did not reason in this
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way it seems that the Hoops must have
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played a role this role of hypothetical
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entities in respect to some general
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theory for there was no traditional or
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mythological incentive for supporting
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in Consequence the scientific nature of
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anax Amanda's thought is established
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the power and the originality of Alexa
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Amanda's thought is displaced
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it's not a big mistake there the power
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I have trouble reading about not
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the power divisionality of Alex Amanda's
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thought is displayed preeminently in his
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mythmaking even when it is assumed a
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development of the cosmos as a whole
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always conceived of animals including
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man as having appeared on the scene from
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nowhere in their Latter Day form either
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our special creations of the gods or in
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some unexplained manner and Trump
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contrast to this sort of facile
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storytelling and maximum under worked
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out the theory of animal Evolution based
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on the ideas of adaptation
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and survival of the fittest
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his starting point was the observation
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that while most other animals quickly
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man alone requires a lengthy period of
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yes then you have to wait
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80 years before you get that close to
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hence had he been originally as he is
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now he would never have survived
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I should go through that again without
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while other animals quickly find food by
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themselves man alone requires a lengthy
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hence had he been originally as he is
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now he would never have survived
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that is to say a theory of the world
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which in general is evolutionary is
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incompatible with the human species
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having appeared all at once
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as babies for if it had it could never
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have survived in the state of nature it
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follows that animals whose young are
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long immature must be the products of
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gradual development presumably including
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from some other kind of life not so
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ill-fitted for the world
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furthermore the theory that in the
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beginning there had been no dry land
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suggested if it did not require that all
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life originated in the sea
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heads to living creatures arose from the
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moist element as it was evaporated by
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the transition from Marine to
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terrestrial life occurred thus the first
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animals were produced in the moisture
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each enclosed in a prickly bark
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as they advanced IT age they came out
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upon the dry apart when the bark broke
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off they survived for a short time
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as the human beings in particular they
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too were like other animals namely fish
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at first human beings arose in the
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inside of fishes and after having cooked
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being reared like sharks and become
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capable of protecting themselves they
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were finally catch the shore and took to
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land the mention of sharks was not
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fanciful but based on the acute
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observation to be sure quite possibly
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made by somebody else that certain
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sharks of the Eastern Mediterranean
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hatched their eggs inside their bodies
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so that they seem akin to models
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and X Amanda wrote a book the rest of
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the world's first scientific treaties of
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which one sentence or part of a sentence
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things returned to their origin as is
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for they give satisfaction and
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reparation to one another for their
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Injustice according to the ordering of
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it's clear from this that Alex Amanda's
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philosophy made use of the concept of
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pervasive a quick thought According to
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which there is an impersonal and
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inexorable force in nature charged with
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keeping things balanced in society and
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in the World At Large every person State
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and element has it's allotted portion
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and Injustice the encroachment of
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anything beyond its bounds is followed
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automatically and surely by restorative
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the notion lies at the root of both
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Greek moral ideas and the conception of
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laws of nature in the fragment of an
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accident we find it evidently being
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developed to the direction of the latter
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it would be risky to infer anything more
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as to an accident this worldview from
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half sentence in particular it by no
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means shows that an Unix of under viewed
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the universe as inherently Mobile in any
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sense that we wouldn't actually
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give to that expression
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even allowing for the fact that in Greek
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under the near Eastern thought before
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there existed a discernible tendency
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toward rationalization of traditional
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myths and that of the myths themselves
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contained the kernels of evolutionary
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and natural law Concepts it is harder
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than that exaggeration to say that Alex
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Amanda single-handedly invented science
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and philosophy as we know them
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above all he put rationalism on such a
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firm foundation that among the educated
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it took pathology A Thousand Years
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and even then it did not perish utterly
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any naturalistic worldview at the
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beginning of the sixth century
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would be remarkable it is staggering to
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find that the very first philosophy
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contains such transcendently important
16:03
ideas as the unsupported Earth
16:05
theoretical explanation involving
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inferred entities and animal Evolution
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for marine organisms to man in
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principle of adaptation and quite
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possibly the Earth's rotation and the
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gravitation in addition
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it is not surprising that alaxabanda
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X Amanda's immediate successor anax
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an axiomenes was in Cape incapable of
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he accordingly taught the more common
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sense philosophy in which the Earth was
16:45
held by up by Mist the unobservable
16:48
Hoops were abolished and the sudden moon
16:50
and stars were the fiery leaves floating
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he also to speak the first positivist
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the beliefs of the earth needed a
16:59
support continued to be held in
17:02
Ireland's Homeland for a century
17:05
down to and including an exaggerus
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whose philosophy was otherwise
17:10
essentially an elaboration of
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but the pythagoreans adopted an accident
17:18
astronomy hoops and all at first since
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as is well known Copernicus and Kepler
17:25
were strongly influenced by Pythagorean
17:27
theories it is possible to demonstrate a
17:30
continuous chain of development in this
17:32
science from my latest
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for balis is to about Powerball
17:53
unfortunately Alexa Amanda is equally
17:56
promising Beginnings in biology
17:59
bear no food so empiricles also
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recognize the principle of adaptation
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the details of his evolutionary theory
18:06
were fantastic and after his time the
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authority of Aristotle in favor of
18:12
victory of species put it into
18:14
evolutionary speculation in the ancient
18:19
the Revival 2000 years later owed