On Anaximander's 'Fragments'.
Anna Max under
of my leaders
circus 611 to Circus five four six BCE
who work with metaphysics first
transcribed 6th Century BC
the principal ideas are that the
Universe of rose out of an indefinite
boundless
her massive undifferentiated material
the basic material of the universe was
none of the elements Earth
air fire water
but something intermediate
the world was generated when the hot and
the cold was separated from the
boundless by its Eternal motion
the Earth is shaped like a drum and is
surrounded by fire-filled hoops
I've missed
with holes on the inner sides
the sun moon and stars
Justice is achieved in nature by the
process of a return of all things to
their Origins
dailies of myelitis is traditionally
credited with having been the first
philosopher since he was the first to
put forward Aid not mythological account
of the origin and nature of things
but we don't know more of his views than
that he claimed that all things
originated from water and it is unlikely
that he worked out this thesis in detail
it remains for his pupil and successor
and that
and maximunder
to produce the first comprehensive
natural philosophy a system of
astonishing Acumen and sophistication
an axiban didn't conceived his problems
with that of explaining how the present
constitution of the universe developed
out of a primordial condition of
simplicity apparently he did not
consider the possibility the things I'd
always been much the same
to this extent he inherited the notion
of
Evolution from near Eastern mythologies
which all told us how the world had been
fashioned out of a pre-existing chaos or
homogeneous matter
usually water
but it rejected Divine personal agency
and in substituting a
more or less continuous process for
separate active creation an accident
radically transformed the idea
anaximanded postulated an
undifferentiated stuff out of which the
world arose he called it the boundless
this was not any one of the traditional
elements earth air
or rather that they at that they'd
missed fire and water but something
intermediate since it was no more wet to
dry and no more hot than cold it was
presumably dump and tepid
in opposition to theories who held at
the basic stuffed every water and
axemander conceived it as the neutral
on the ground that the elements are in
opposition to under the air is cold
water is moist
fire hot
and therefore if any one of them were
infinite the rest would have ceased to
be by this time
this is the first recorded philosophical
argument
a criticism of a predecessor's view
supported by an appeal to reason rather
than to Revelation or to a special mode
of insight
the boundless was supposed to be
infinite in extent and ageless and
deathless that is infinite in time
Divine but only because of its
agelessness and deathlessness
he did he did not attribute to it any
characteristics of Personality or as far
as We Know
intelligent consciousness
the boundless was also said to Encompass
all the worlds implying an infinite or
at least indefinitely large number of
individual worlds like this one
the initial step in the generation of a
world occurs when as a result of an
eternal motion we're not told how
something capable of getting hot and
cold out of the
Eternal is separated off
the hot and the cold conceive the things
not as qualities of a substance separate
and at the same time emotion in rotation
is imparted to them the heart which is
fire it circles like a bark around a
tree
the cold which contains earth-based and
water
into course these latter three also
separate the Earth remaining at the
center of the world
with the water in a ring around it which
is in turn and closed in a circle of
Mists the fire around the misted water
Heats them until pressure builds up
which combined with the subterfugal
force of the world
results in a cosmic explosion
the myth is caused to shut up the fire
in gigantic hoops like inner tubes with
circular around the Earth
the Earth is shaped like a job
the diameter being three times as great
as the depth we live on one of the flat
surfaces
those supported by nothing the Earth
remains at the center because of its
equal distance from everything
the surface of the Earth which was at
first entirely submerged is now partly
dry and it keeps getting drier through
continued evaporation
the sea is what is left of the original
moisture the fire has dried up most of
it and turned the rest salt
by scorching it
fire-filled Hoops have missed at
distances of 18 and 27.
Earth radio throughout the Earth and
revolve around it each of these hoops
has on its inner side one hole
like the nozzle of a bellows
or in a more button figure like the
valve hole of an inner tube
through which the fire shines the hoop
18 earth radii out is
the hoop
18 earth radiate out is the moon the
outermost is the Sun
the diameter of the Sun that is of the
opening in the sun hoop is as great as
that of the Earth
eclipses and the moon's phases are
explained as obstructions over the holes
we are not told what closes them
the stars are the innermost Hoops
presumably nine earth radii altruists
and aximando would understandably infer
that they were the Hoops lyricist
for otherwise the Hoops of sun and moon
ought to appear as black bands in the
night sky but these thin faint star
hoops
would not interfere with the greater
Lights of the Sun and the Moon
even if Alexander did not affirm the
rotation of the earth his model of the
world contains two very important new
ideas what is that over the Earth
without material support an earlier and
indeed money later cosmologists
thought themselves obliged to explain
this IRS fixity by providing
supports anax abander saying that such
shifts only moved the problem back
a step or two without sort of solver yet
declared boldly that the Earth stays at
the center because of its equal distance
from everything
the other new idea is that of
exploration in terms of a theory
involving postulated entities for we
certainly do not see the Hoops we see
only the breathing holes
why did al-aximand apostolate the Hoops
instead of resting content with a
simpler Common Sense conception of fiery
spheres or discs
our ancient sources give no hint however
only one answer thieves possible and
axabanda must have raised this way
heavy bodies near the Earth tend to move
towards the center of concentration of
math that is towards the center of the
earth now the Earth being a very heavy
body should likewise move towards the
greater concentration of mass if there
is one
and there appear to be at least two the
Sun and the Moon therefore if the Sun
and Moon are what they appear to be the
Earth ought to move toward the Sun
towards them
or they taught us since this does not
happen the Earth must really be
equidisted from these bodies despite
appearances
this condition could only hold if the
bodies around the Earth
symmetrically that is our Hoops of which
only the breathing holes are visible
the idea of Messed wrapping up fire
which seems strange to us was natural
enough to relax Amanda since light
since lighting emerging from clouds
early
since light lighting emerging from
clouds easily suggests such an ocean
we know that in fact Alexander explained
lightning in some such way
when the wind is shut up by the cloud
and bursts forth violently the tearing
of the cloud makes the noise of thunder
and the rift gives the appearance of a
flush
if this conjectural restoration of
al-aximanded threesling is correct then
examander grasped the essential nature
of theoretical explanation
overlaw or natural regularity holding
universally
in this instance gravitation and
accounting for all generalized verb
observation falling bodies on the
Earth's surface leading to the
hypothesis of unobserved entities the
Hoops in order to attend render the
other observed phenomena the Sun the
moon and not falling
consisted with the law
this is nine tenths of scientific method
is now understood
how do you devised or between the
necessity of some tests of the hoop
hypothesis he would have had the other
tenth
and even if he did not reason in this
way it seems that the Hoops must have
played a role this role of hypothetical
entities in respect to some general
theory for there was no traditional or
mythological incentive for supporting
them
in Consequence the scientific nature of
anax Amanda's thought is established
the power and the originality of Alexa
Amanda's thought is displaced
preeminently it is
displayed
it's not a big mistake there the power
had originality
I have trouble reading about not
sometimes
the power divisionality of Alex Amanda's
thought is displayed preeminently in his
biology
mythmaking even when it is assumed a
development of the cosmos as a whole
always conceived of animals including
man as having appeared on the scene from
nowhere in their Latter Day form either
our special creations of the gods or in
some unexplained manner and Trump
contrast to this sort of facile
storytelling and maximum under worked
out the theory of animal Evolution based
on the ideas of adaptation
to the environment
and survival of the fittest
his starting point was the observation
that while most other animals quickly
find food
by themselves
man alone requires a lengthy period of
suckling
yes then you have to wait
80 years before you get that close to
them again anyway
hence had he been originally as he is
now he would never have survived
um
I should go through that again without
the joke
while other animals quickly find food by
themselves man alone requires a lengthy
period of suckling
hence had he been originally as he is
now he would never have survived
that is to say a theory of the world
which in general is evolutionary is
incompatible with the human species
having appeared all at once
as babies for if it had it could never
have survived in the state of nature it
follows that animals whose young are
long immature must be the products of
gradual development presumably including
socialization
from some other kind of life not so
ill-fitted for the world
furthermore the theory that in the
beginning there had been no dry land
suggested if it did not require that all
life originated in the sea
heads to living creatures arose from the
moist element as it was evaporated by
the Sun
the transition from Marine to
terrestrial life occurred thus the first
animals were produced in the moisture
each enclosed in a prickly bark
as they advanced IT age they came out
upon the dry apart when the bark broke
off they survived for a short time
as the human beings in particular they
too were like other animals namely fish
in the beginning
at first human beings arose in the
inside of fishes and after having cooked
being reared like sharks and become
capable of protecting themselves they
were finally catch the shore and took to
land the mention of sharks was not
fanciful but based on the acute
observation to be sure quite possibly
made by somebody else that certain
sharks of the Eastern Mediterranean
hatched their eggs inside their bodies
so that they seem akin to models
and X Amanda wrote a book the rest of
the world's first scientific treaties of
which one sentence or part of a sentence
has been preserved
things returned to their origin as is
ordained
for they give satisfaction and
reparation to one another for their
Injustice according to the ordering of
time
it's clear from this that Alex Amanda's
philosophy made use of the concept of
Justice
pervasive a quick thought According to
which there is an impersonal and
inexorable force in nature charged with
keeping things balanced in society and
in the World At Large every person State
and element has it's allotted portion
and Injustice the encroachment of
anything beyond its bounds is followed
automatically and surely by restorative
retribution
the notion lies at the root of both
Greek moral ideas and the conception of
laws of nature in the fragment of an
accident we find it evidently being
developed to the direction of the latter
it would be risky to infer anything more
as to an accident this worldview from
this
half sentence in particular it by no
means shows that an Unix of under viewed
the universe as inherently Mobile in any
sense that we wouldn't actually
give to that expression
even allowing for the fact that in Greek
under the near Eastern thought before
the 6th Century BC
there existed a discernible tendency
toward rationalization of traditional
myths and that of the myths themselves
contained the kernels of evolutionary
and natural law Concepts it is harder
than that exaggeration to say that Alex
Amanda single-handedly invented science
and philosophy as we know them
above all he put rationalism on such a
firm foundation that among the educated
it took pathology A Thousand Years
to overthrow it
and even then it did not perish utterly
any naturalistic worldview at the
beginning of the sixth century
would be remarkable it is staggering to
find that the very first philosophy
contains such transcendently important
ideas as the unsupported Earth
theoretical explanation involving
inferred entities and animal Evolution
for marine organisms to man in
accordance with a
principle of adaptation and quite
possibly the Earth's rotation and the
gravitation in addition
it is not surprising that alaxabanda
X Amanda's immediate successor anax
an axiomenes was in Cape incapable of
such
daring speculation
he accordingly taught the more common
sense philosophy in which the Earth was
held by up by Mist the unobservable
Hoops were abolished and the sudden moon
and stars were the fiery leaves floating
in the air
he also to speak the first positivist
the beliefs of the earth needed a
support continued to be held in
Ireland's Homeland for a century
down to and including an exaggerus
whose philosophy was otherwise
essentially an elaboration of
anaximanders
but the pythagoreans adopted an accident
astronomy hoops and all at first since
as is well known Copernicus and Kepler
were strongly influenced by Pythagorean
theories it is possible to demonstrate a
continuous chain of development in this
science from my latest
all right
for balis is to about Powerball
unfortunately Alexa Amanda is equally
promising Beginnings in biology
bear no food so empiricles also
recognize the principle of adaptation
the details of his evolutionary theory
were fantastic and after his time the
authority of Aristotle in favor of
victory of species put it into
evolutionary speculation in the ancient
world
the Revival 2000 years later owed
little
perhaps nothing
to an accident
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