On Anaximander's 'Fragments'.

Anna Max under

of my leaders

circus 611 to Circus five four six BCE

who work with metaphysics first

transcribed 6th Century BC

the principal ideas are that the

Universe of rose out of an indefinite

boundless

her massive undifferentiated material

the basic material of the universe was

none of the elements Earth

air fire water

but something intermediate

the world was generated when the hot and

the cold was separated from the

boundless by its Eternal motion

the Earth is shaped like a drum and is

surrounded by fire-filled hoops

I've missed

with holes on the inner sides

the sun moon and stars

Justice is achieved in nature by the

process of a return of all things to

their Origins

dailies of myelitis is traditionally

credited with having been the first

philosopher since he was the first to

put forward Aid not mythological account

of the origin and nature of things

but we don't know more of his views than

that he claimed that all things

originated from water and it is unlikely

that he worked out this thesis in detail

it remains for his pupil and successor

and that

and maximunder

to produce the first comprehensive

natural philosophy a system of

astonishing Acumen and sophistication

an axiban didn't conceived his problems

with that of explaining how the present

constitution of the universe developed

out of a primordial condition of

simplicity apparently he did not

consider the possibility the things I'd

always been much the same

to this extent he inherited the notion

of

Evolution from near Eastern mythologies

which all told us how the world had been

fashioned out of a pre-existing chaos or

homogeneous matter

usually water

but it rejected Divine personal agency

and in substituting a

more or less continuous process for

separate active creation an accident

radically transformed the idea

anaximanded postulated an

undifferentiated stuff out of which the

world arose he called it the boundless

this was not any one of the traditional

elements earth air

or rather that they at that they'd

missed fire and water but something

intermediate since it was no more wet to

dry and no more hot than cold it was

presumably dump and tepid

in opposition to theories who held at

the basic stuffed every water and

axemander conceived it as the neutral

on the ground that the elements are in

opposition to under the air is cold

water is moist

fire hot

and therefore if any one of them were

infinite the rest would have ceased to

be by this time

this is the first recorded philosophical

argument

a criticism of a predecessor's view

supported by an appeal to reason rather

than to Revelation or to a special mode

of insight

the boundless was supposed to be

infinite in extent and ageless and

deathless that is infinite in time

Divine but only because of its

agelessness and deathlessness

he did he did not attribute to it any

characteristics of Personality or as far

as We Know

intelligent consciousness

the boundless was also said to Encompass

all the worlds implying an infinite or

at least indefinitely large number of

individual worlds like this one

the initial step in the generation of a

world occurs when as a result of an

eternal motion we're not told how

something capable of getting hot and

cold out of the

Eternal is separated off

the hot and the cold conceive the things

not as qualities of a substance separate

and at the same time emotion in rotation

is imparted to them the heart which is

fire it circles like a bark around a

tree

the cold which contains earth-based and

water

into course these latter three also

separate the Earth remaining at the

center of the world

with the water in a ring around it which

is in turn and closed in a circle of

Mists the fire around the misted water

Heats them until pressure builds up

which combined with the subterfugal

force of the world

results in a cosmic explosion

the myth is caused to shut up the fire

in gigantic hoops like inner tubes with

circular around the Earth

the Earth is shaped like a job

the diameter being three times as great

as the depth we live on one of the flat

surfaces

those supported by nothing the Earth

remains at the center because of its

equal distance from everything

the surface of the Earth which was at

first entirely submerged is now partly

dry and it keeps getting drier through

continued evaporation

the sea is what is left of the original

moisture the fire has dried up most of

it and turned the rest salt

by scorching it

fire-filled Hoops have missed at

distances of 18 and 27.

Earth radio throughout the Earth and

revolve around it each of these hoops

has on its inner side one hole

like the nozzle of a bellows

or in a more button figure like the

valve hole of an inner tube

through which the fire shines the hoop

18 earth radii out is

the hoop

18 earth radiate out is the moon the

outermost is the Sun

the diameter of the Sun that is of the

opening in the sun hoop is as great as

that of the Earth

eclipses and the moon's phases are

explained as obstructions over the holes

we are not told what closes them

the stars are the innermost Hoops

presumably nine earth radii altruists

and aximando would understandably infer

that they were the Hoops lyricist

for otherwise the Hoops of sun and moon

ought to appear as black bands in the

night sky but these thin faint star

hoops

would not interfere with the greater

Lights of the Sun and the Moon

even if Alexander did not affirm the

rotation of the earth his model of the

world contains two very important new

ideas what is that over the Earth

without material support an earlier and

indeed money later cosmologists

thought themselves obliged to explain

this IRS fixity by providing

supports anax abander saying that such

shifts only moved the problem back

a step or two without sort of solver yet

declared boldly that the Earth stays at

the center because of its equal distance

from everything

the other new idea is that of

exploration in terms of a theory

involving postulated entities for we

certainly do not see the Hoops we see

only the breathing holes

why did al-aximand apostolate the Hoops

instead of resting content with a

simpler Common Sense conception of fiery

spheres or discs

our ancient sources give no hint however

only one answer thieves possible and

axabanda must have raised this way

heavy bodies near the Earth tend to move

towards the center of concentration of

math that is towards the center of the

earth now the Earth being a very heavy

body should likewise move towards the

greater concentration of mass if there

is one

and there appear to be at least two the

Sun and the Moon therefore if the Sun

and Moon are what they appear to be the

Earth ought to move toward the Sun

towards them

or they taught us since this does not

happen the Earth must really be

equidisted from these bodies despite

appearances

this condition could only hold if the

bodies around the Earth

symmetrically that is our Hoops of which

only the breathing holes are visible

the idea of Messed wrapping up fire

which seems strange to us was natural

enough to relax Amanda since light

since lighting emerging from clouds

early

since light lighting emerging from

clouds easily suggests such an ocean

we know that in fact Alexander explained

lightning in some such way

when the wind is shut up by the cloud

and bursts forth violently the tearing

of the cloud makes the noise of thunder

and the rift gives the appearance of a

flush

if this conjectural restoration of

al-aximanded threesling is correct then

examander grasped the essential nature

of theoretical explanation

overlaw or natural regularity holding

universally

in this instance gravitation and

accounting for all generalized verb

observation falling bodies on the

Earth's surface leading to the

hypothesis of unobserved entities the

Hoops in order to attend render the

other observed phenomena the Sun the

moon and not falling

consisted with the law

this is nine tenths of scientific method

is now understood

how do you devised or between the

necessity of some tests of the hoop

hypothesis he would have had the other

tenth

and even if he did not reason in this

way it seems that the Hoops must have

played a role this role of hypothetical

entities in respect to some general

theory for there was no traditional or

mythological incentive for supporting

them

in Consequence the scientific nature of

anax Amanda's thought is established

the power and the originality of Alexa

Amanda's thought is displaced

preeminently it is

displayed

it's not a big mistake there the power

had originality

I have trouble reading about not

sometimes

the power divisionality of Alex Amanda's

thought is displayed preeminently in his

biology

mythmaking even when it is assumed a

development of the cosmos as a whole

always conceived of animals including

man as having appeared on the scene from

nowhere in their Latter Day form either

our special creations of the gods or in

some unexplained manner and Trump

contrast to this sort of facile

storytelling and maximum under worked

out the theory of animal Evolution based

on the ideas of adaptation

to the environment

and survival of the fittest

his starting point was the observation

that while most other animals quickly

find food

by themselves

man alone requires a lengthy period of

suckling

yes then you have to wait

80 years before you get that close to

them again anyway

hence had he been originally as he is

now he would never have survived

um

I should go through that again without

the joke

while other animals quickly find food by

themselves man alone requires a lengthy

period of suckling

hence had he been originally as he is

now he would never have survived

that is to say a theory of the world

which in general is evolutionary is

incompatible with the human species

having appeared all at once

as babies for if it had it could never

have survived in the state of nature it

follows that animals whose young are

long immature must be the products of

gradual development presumably including

socialization

from some other kind of life not so

ill-fitted for the world

furthermore the theory that in the

beginning there had been no dry land

suggested if it did not require that all

life originated in the sea

heads to living creatures arose from the

moist element as it was evaporated by

the Sun

the transition from Marine to

terrestrial life occurred thus the first

animals were produced in the moisture

each enclosed in a prickly bark

as they advanced IT age they came out

upon the dry apart when the bark broke

off they survived for a short time

as the human beings in particular they

too were like other animals namely fish

in the beginning

at first human beings arose in the

inside of fishes and after having cooked

being reared like sharks and become

capable of protecting themselves they

were finally catch the shore and took to

land the mention of sharks was not

fanciful but based on the acute

observation to be sure quite possibly

made by somebody else that certain

sharks of the Eastern Mediterranean

hatched their eggs inside their bodies

so that they seem akin to models

and X Amanda wrote a book the rest of

the world's first scientific treaties of

which one sentence or part of a sentence

has been preserved

things returned to their origin as is

ordained

for they give satisfaction and

reparation to one another for their

Injustice according to the ordering of

time

it's clear from this that Alex Amanda's

philosophy made use of the concept of

Justice

pervasive a quick thought According to

which there is an impersonal and

inexorable force in nature charged with

keeping things balanced in society and

in the World At Large every person State

and element has it's allotted portion

and Injustice the encroachment of

anything beyond its bounds is followed

automatically and surely by restorative

retribution

the notion lies at the root of both

Greek moral ideas and the conception of

laws of nature in the fragment of an

accident we find it evidently being

developed to the direction of the latter

it would be risky to infer anything more

as to an accident this worldview from

this

half sentence in particular it by no

means shows that an Unix of under viewed

the universe as inherently Mobile in any

sense that we wouldn't actually

give to that expression

even allowing for the fact that in Greek

under the near Eastern thought before

the 6th Century BC

there existed a discernible tendency

toward rationalization of traditional

myths and that of the myths themselves

contained the kernels of evolutionary

and natural law Concepts it is harder

than that exaggeration to say that Alex

Amanda single-handedly invented science

and philosophy as we know them

above all he put rationalism on such a

firm foundation that among the educated

it took pathology A Thousand Years

to overthrow it

and even then it did not perish utterly

any naturalistic worldview at the

beginning of the sixth century

would be remarkable it is staggering to

find that the very first philosophy

contains such transcendently important

ideas as the unsupported Earth

theoretical explanation involving

inferred entities and animal Evolution

for marine organisms to man in

accordance with a

principle of adaptation and quite

possibly the Earth's rotation and the

gravitation in addition

it is not surprising that alaxabanda

X Amanda's immediate successor anax

an axiomenes was in Cape incapable of

such

daring speculation

he accordingly taught the more common

sense philosophy in which the Earth was

held by up by Mist the unobservable

Hoops were abolished and the sudden moon

and stars were the fiery leaves floating

in the air

he also to speak the first positivist

the beliefs of the earth needed a

support continued to be held in

Ireland's Homeland for a century

down to and including an exaggerus

whose philosophy was otherwise

essentially an elaboration of

anaximanders

but the pythagoreans adopted an accident

astronomy hoops and all at first since

as is well known Copernicus and Kepler

were strongly influenced by Pythagorean

theories it is possible to demonstrate a

continuous chain of development in this

science from my latest

all right

for balis is to about Powerball

unfortunately Alexa Amanda is equally

promising Beginnings in biology

bear no food so empiricles also

recognize the principle of adaptation

the details of his evolutionary theory

were fantastic and after his time the

authority of Aristotle in favor of

victory of species put it into

evolutionary speculation in the ancient

world

the Revival 2000 years later owed

little

perhaps nothing

to an accident