ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Explained in 8 Minutes

organic chemistry is the branch of

chemistry that deals with compound

containing carbon atoms but at first it

was thought that organic compounds are

those which are obtained from living

things vitalism or commonly know as

vital force Theory says that those

compounds which are obtained from living

organism are organic and those obtained

from non-living are inorganic but later

on this theory was rejected mainly by

Friedrich voer when he prepared Ura

which is an organic compound from

ammonium cyanate inorganic in nature

after rejection of vitalism the modern

definition of organic chemistry was put

forward and now we say those compounds

that contain carbon are organic in

nature organic compounds are mostly

complex and have large molecular

structures this is due to the fact that

carbon has a unique ability to form

longchain compounds and this is known as

catenation actually catenation is the

ability of a carbon to form longchain

compounds which is unique and none other

than carbon atom can form such longchain

compounds classification of organic

compounds organic compounds are

classified into two categories which are

open chain or a cyclic compounds and

closed chain or cyclic compounds open

chain organic compounds are a type of

organic molecule in which the carbon

atoms are arranged in a linear or

branched chain rather than forming a

ring structure these compounds are also

known as a cyclic compounds key features

of open chain organic compounds include

linear or Branch structure the carbon

atoms are connected in a straight line

or in a branched manner they can be

further classified based on the type

type of bonding between carbon atoms

such as alkanes have single bond between

carbon atoms alkenes have at least one

double bond between carbon atoms and

alkin have at least one triple bond

closed chain compounds also known as

cyclic compounds are organic molecules

in which the carbon atoms are connected

in a loop or ring structure unlike open

chain compounds these have no terminal

ends because the chain of carbon atoms

forms a closed loop key features of

closed chain organic compounds ring

structure the carbon atoms are arranged

in a ring or cyclic pattern the Rings

can be simple like in Benzene or fused

like in nathene closed chain compounds

are further classified into two

categories alicyclic compounds and

aromatic compounds those cyclic

compounds that resemble aliphatic

compounds in their properties are called

alicyclic examples include cyclohexane

and cyclopropane but aromatic compounds

are those that contain at least one

Benzene ring in their structure and most

common examples include Benzene and

naphthylene to understand organic

chemistry it's very important to have

knowledge of functional groups actually

functional group can be defined as the

atom or group of atoms or double bond or

triple bond whose presence gives

specific properties to organic compounds

now let's explain it a bit more when all

the carbon atoms contain only single

Bond we call them alkanes and those

which contain at least one double bond

are known as alkenes so actually it's

single and double bond which is creating

difference between alkanes and alkenes

and that's called the functional group

The there are many other functional

groups such as alcohol formal group

ketones and carboxilic acids functional

groups play a crucial role in

determining the properties and

reactivity of organic compounds for

example alcohols can undergo oxidation

to form alahh or carboxilic acids while

alkenes can participate in addition

reactions isomerism refers to the

phenomenon where two or more compounds

share the same molecular formula but

differ in their structures or spatial

Arrangements these different forms are

called isomers is ism is significant in

organic chemistry because the structure

of a molecule largely determines its

chemical properties and reactivity there

are several types of isomerism the most

important of which include structural

isomers and stereoisomers structural

isomers have the same molecular formula

but different connectivity of atoms this

means the atoms are bonded together in

different ways leading to different

structures it is further classified to

chain isomers differ in the arrangement

of the carbon chain for example straight

chain and branched chain compounds

position isomers differ in the position

of a functional group on the carbon

chain and functional group isomers

differ in the type of functional group

present geometric isomers are a type of

stereoisomerism where the isomers have

the same connectivity of atoms but

differ in the spatial Arrangement around

a double bond or a ring structure it is

also called cyrans isomerism and this

occurs when two substituents are on the

same side known as CIS isomer and on

opposite sides called trans in two

buttin the CIS isomer has both methyl

groups on the same side of the double

bond while the trans isomer has them on

opposite sides stereoisomers have the

same molecular formula and connectivity

of atoms but differ in the

three-dimensional orientation of their

atoms in space hybridization is a

concept in chemistry that explains the

mixing of atomic orbitals to form new

hybrid orbitals these hybrid orbitals

are crucial for understanding the

bonding and geometry of molecules the

type of hybridization influences the

molecular geometry Bond angles and

overall shape of the molecule some

common types of hybridization are SP SP2

and sp3 in Sp hybridization One S

orbital mixes with one p orbital from

the same atom to form two equivalent SP

hybrid orbitals the remaining two P

orbitals Remain unhybridized the two SP

hybrid orbitals arrange themselves

linearly to minimize electron pair

repulsion leading to a bond angle of

180° in acetylene each carbon atom is sp

hybridized forming a linear structure

with a triple bond between the carbons

and a single bond between carbon and

hydrogen in SP2 hybridization One S

orbital mixes with two P orbitals to

form three equivalent SP2 hybrid

orbitals the third p orbital remains

unhybridized and is often involved in pi

bonding the three SP2 hybrid orbitals

arrange themselves in a trigonal planer

geometry with Bond angles of 120° in

Ethan each carbon atom is 2 hybridized

leading to a planer structure with a

double bond between the carbons and

single bonds with hydrogen atoms in sp3

hybridization One S orbital mixes with

three p orbitals to form four equivalent

sp3 hybrid orbitals the four sp3 hybrid

orbitals arrange themselves in a

tetrahedral geometry with Bond angles of

109.5° in methane the carbon atom is sp3

hybridized resulting in a tetrahedral

shape where each sp3 or orbital forms a

sigma bond with a hydrogen atom

structure and bonding the molecular

formula represents the actual number of

atoms of each element in a molecule it

does not provide any information about

the arrangement of these atoms for

ethanol the molecular formula is

c2h6o the structural formula provides

more detail by showing how the atoms are

connected or bonded to each other it

represents the molecular structure using

symbols for atoms and lines for bonds

for example structural formula of ethyl

alcohol can be written as organic

reactions typically fall into several

main categories such as addition

substitution elimination and

rearrangement each type of reaction

involves different processes and has

distinct outcomes addition reactions

occur when two or more molecules combine

to form a single product this type of

reaction is common in unsaturated

compounds such as alkenes and alkin

where a p bond is broken and new s bonds

are formed for example the addition of

hydrogen to Ethan in the presence of of

a catalyst forms ethane this is known as

hydrogenation in substitution reactions

one atom or group of atoms in a molecule

is replaced by another atom or group of

atoms these reactions are common in

saturated compounds like alkanes and

aromatic compounds for example

nucleophilic substitution reactions in

which a nucleophile replaces a leaving

group in a molecule but in electrophilic

substitution reactions an electrophile

replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic

ring the reaction of chloromethane with

hydroxide ion to produce methanol is an

example of nucleophilic substitution

elimination reactions involve the

removal of a small molecule from a

larger one typically resulting in the

formation of a double or triple bond

these reactions are the reverse of

addition reactions and often occur in

saturated compounds for example

unimolecular elimination the reaction

proceeds via a carbocation intermediate

and B molecular elimination in which the

reaction occurs in a single step