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organic chemistry is the branch of
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chemistry that deals with compound
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containing carbon atoms but at first it
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was thought that organic compounds are
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those which are obtained from living
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things vitalism or commonly know as
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vital force Theory says that those
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compounds which are obtained from living
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organism are organic and those obtained
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from non-living are inorganic but later
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on this theory was rejected mainly by
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Friedrich voer when he prepared Ura
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which is an organic compound from
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ammonium cyanate inorganic in nature
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after rejection of vitalism the modern
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definition of organic chemistry was put
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forward and now we say those compounds
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that contain carbon are organic in
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nature organic compounds are mostly
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complex and have large molecular
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structures this is due to the fact that
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carbon has a unique ability to form
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longchain compounds and this is known as
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catenation actually catenation is the
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ability of a carbon to form longchain
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compounds which is unique and none other
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than carbon atom can form such longchain
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compounds classification of organic
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compounds organic compounds are
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classified into two categories which are
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open chain or a cyclic compounds and
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closed chain or cyclic compounds open
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chain organic compounds are a type of
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organic molecule in which the carbon
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atoms are arranged in a linear or
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branched chain rather than forming a
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ring structure these compounds are also
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known as a cyclic compounds key features
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of open chain organic compounds include
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linear or Branch structure the carbon
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atoms are connected in a straight line
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or in a branched manner they can be
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further classified based on the type
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type of bonding between carbon atoms
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such as alkanes have single bond between
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carbon atoms alkenes have at least one
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double bond between carbon atoms and
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alkin have at least one triple bond
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closed chain compounds also known as
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cyclic compounds are organic molecules
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in which the carbon atoms are connected
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in a loop or ring structure unlike open
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chain compounds these have no terminal
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ends because the chain of carbon atoms
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forms a closed loop key features of
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closed chain organic compounds ring
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structure the carbon atoms are arranged
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in a ring or cyclic pattern the Rings
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can be simple like in Benzene or fused
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like in nathene closed chain compounds
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are further classified into two
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categories alicyclic compounds and
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aromatic compounds those cyclic
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compounds that resemble aliphatic
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compounds in their properties are called
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alicyclic examples include cyclohexane
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and cyclopropane but aromatic compounds
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are those that contain at least one
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Benzene ring in their structure and most
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common examples include Benzene and
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naphthylene to understand organic
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chemistry it's very important to have
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knowledge of functional groups actually
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functional group can be defined as the
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atom or group of atoms or double bond or
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triple bond whose presence gives
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specific properties to organic compounds
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now let's explain it a bit more when all
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the carbon atoms contain only single
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Bond we call them alkanes and those
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which contain at least one double bond
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are known as alkenes so actually it's
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single and double bond which is creating
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difference between alkanes and alkenes
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and that's called the functional group
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The there are many other functional
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groups such as alcohol formal group
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ketones and carboxilic acids functional
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groups play a crucial role in
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determining the properties and
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reactivity of organic compounds for
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example alcohols can undergo oxidation
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to form alahh or carboxilic acids while
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alkenes can participate in addition
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reactions isomerism refers to the
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phenomenon where two or more compounds
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share the same molecular formula but
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differ in their structures or spatial
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Arrangements these different forms are
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called isomers is ism is significant in
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organic chemistry because the structure
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of a molecule largely determines its
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chemical properties and reactivity there
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are several types of isomerism the most
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important of which include structural
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isomers and stereoisomers structural
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isomers have the same molecular formula
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but different connectivity of atoms this
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means the atoms are bonded together in
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different ways leading to different
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structures it is further classified to
3:54
chain isomers differ in the arrangement
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of the carbon chain for example straight
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chain and branched chain compounds
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position isomers differ in the position
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of a functional group on the carbon
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chain and functional group isomers
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differ in the type of functional group
4:08
present geometric isomers are a type of
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stereoisomerism where the isomers have
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the same connectivity of atoms but
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differ in the spatial Arrangement around
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a double bond or a ring structure it is
4:20
also called cyrans isomerism and this
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occurs when two substituents are on the
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same side known as CIS isomer and on
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opposite sides called trans in two
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buttin the CIS isomer has both methyl
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groups on the same side of the double
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bond while the trans isomer has them on
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opposite sides stereoisomers have the
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same molecular formula and connectivity
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of atoms but differ in the
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three-dimensional orientation of their
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atoms in space hybridization is a
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concept in chemistry that explains the
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mixing of atomic orbitals to form new
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hybrid orbitals these hybrid orbitals
4:53
are crucial for understanding the
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bonding and geometry of molecules the
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type of hybridization influences the
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molecular geometry Bond angles and
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overall shape of the molecule some
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common types of hybridization are SP SP2
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and sp3 in Sp hybridization One S
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orbital mixes with one p orbital from
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the same atom to form two equivalent SP
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hybrid orbitals the remaining two P
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orbitals Remain unhybridized the two SP
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hybrid orbitals arrange themselves
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linearly to minimize electron pair
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repulsion leading to a bond angle of
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180° in acetylene each carbon atom is sp
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hybridized forming a linear structure
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with a triple bond between the carbons
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and a single bond between carbon and
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hydrogen in SP2 hybridization One S
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orbital mixes with two P orbitals to
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form three equivalent SP2 hybrid
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orbitals the third p orbital remains
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unhybridized and is often involved in pi
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bonding the three SP2 hybrid orbitals
5:51
arrange themselves in a trigonal planer
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geometry with Bond angles of 120° in
5:57
Ethan each carbon atom is 2 hybridized
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leading to a planer structure with a
6:02
double bond between the carbons and
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single bonds with hydrogen atoms in sp3
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hybridization One S orbital mixes with
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three p orbitals to form four equivalent
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sp3 hybrid orbitals the four sp3 hybrid
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orbitals arrange themselves in a
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tetrahedral geometry with Bond angles of
6:21
109.5° in methane the carbon atom is sp3
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hybridized resulting in a tetrahedral
6:27
shape where each sp3 or orbital forms a
6:30
sigma bond with a hydrogen atom
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structure and bonding the molecular
6:34
formula represents the actual number of
6:36
atoms of each element in a molecule it
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does not provide any information about
6:40
the arrangement of these atoms for
6:42
ethanol the molecular formula is
6:45
c2h6o the structural formula provides
6:48
more detail by showing how the atoms are
6:50
connected or bonded to each other it
6:52
represents the molecular structure using
6:54
symbols for atoms and lines for bonds
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for example structural formula of ethyl
6:58
alcohol can be written as organic
7:01
reactions typically fall into several
7:03
main categories such as addition
7:05
substitution elimination and
7:07
rearrangement each type of reaction
7:09
involves different processes and has
7:11
distinct outcomes addition reactions
7:13
occur when two or more molecules combine
7:15
to form a single product this type of
7:18
reaction is common in unsaturated
7:20
compounds such as alkenes and alkin
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where a p bond is broken and new s bonds
7:25
are formed for example the addition of
7:27
hydrogen to Ethan in the presence of of
7:29
a catalyst forms ethane this is known as
7:32
hydrogenation in substitution reactions
7:34
one atom or group of atoms in a molecule
7:37
is replaced by another atom or group of
7:39
atoms these reactions are common in
7:41
saturated compounds like alkanes and
7:43
aromatic compounds for example
7:46
nucleophilic substitution reactions in
7:48
which a nucleophile replaces a leaving
7:50
group in a molecule but in electrophilic
7:53
substitution reactions an electrophile
7:55
replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic
7:58
ring the reaction of chloromethane with
8:00
hydroxide ion to produce methanol is an
8:02
example of nucleophilic substitution
8:05
elimination reactions involve the
8:07
removal of a small molecule from a
8:09
larger one typically resulting in the
8:11
formation of a double or triple bond
8:13
these reactions are the reverse of
8:15
addition reactions and often occur in
8:17
saturated compounds for example
8:20
unimolecular elimination the reaction
8:22
proceeds via a carbocation intermediate
8:25
and B molecular elimination in which the
8:27
reaction occurs in a single step
