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The Middle Ages is a period in

history that has caused much

controversy. Although man was able

to make various advances, the truth is

that for more than 1000 years

the progress of humanity

clearly stagnated. A time when no

civilization reached the splendor of the

great times of the Roman Empire.

Dating the Middle Ages is

easier than dating Ancient History. We all

agree that the Middle Ages began

with the fall of the Western Roman Empire

in 476, when

Rome lost what little power it had

left. However, there are two dates that

mark its end. On the one hand, many place

the end of the Middle Ages

with the fall of Constantinople, the capital of the

Eastern Roman Empire, to the

Ottoman Empire in 1453.

However, it is more

widely accepted today that the end of the Middle Ages

is marked by Christopher Columbus's discovery of America

in 1492.

But anyway, let's get down to business because there's a

lot to tell about what happened

during the Middle Ages. To begin, it is

important to divide the Middle Ages into two

periods. The High Middle Ages from the 5th to the

10th century and the Late Middle Ages from the

10th to the 10th century. Following the fall of the

Western Roman Empire, two

things stand out. On the one hand, there was the

existence of the Eastern Roman Empire

with its capital in Constantinople, present-day

Istanbul, also known as the

Byzantine Empire, which would last for nearly

1000 more years and control extensive

areas of what is now Greece,

Turkey, and even the Middle East. On the

other hand, various Germanic peoples

such as the Ogre, the Vandals, the

Alans, the Ostrogoths or the Bisigoths

invaded all of Western Europe, founding

different kingdoms and leaving a

fragmented Europe. But be aware that these

peoples were not stupid and they kept

some things from Roman culture,

such as its laws or Christianity.

Interesting, isn't it? In what is now Spain,

the Bisigoths settled, who would be

defeated by a new great empire that

stretched from what is now

Saudi Arabia. We are talking about the Mayan Caliphate,

which carried as its banner a new

religion that emerged from the prophet Muhammad in

the year 620. We are talking, of course, about

Islam. The caliphate expanded,

becoming the largest empire of the

time. The Muslims would advance until they

occupied the entire Iberian Peninsula and

southern France, until a few

Christians defeated the Muslims in

722 at the Battle of Kovadonga

with the then King Pelayo at the

head. But the worst thing for the Muslims

would be their defeat against the Franks

led by Charles Martel, who

defeated them at the Battle of

Poatiers in 732.

From then on, Islam would retreat in

Europe, although it would remain in the

Iberian Peninsula until the fall of the

Kingdom of Granada in 1492.

But let's return to the Franks.

Charles Martel's grandson would manage to increase

his domains to the point that he

proclaimed himself emperor, since he

saw himself as the successor of the

Roman emperors. We are talking about Charlemagne,

emperor of the Carolingian Empire who, like

Alexander the Great, divided the empire

upon his death among his successors. And as

always, this would bring family disputes over

inheritances to the point that their

successors would go to war. From this

war emerged France and the Holy

Roman Empire. Throughout the High

Middle Ages up to the 10th century, some

incredibly brave warriors

terrorized all the

coastal towns of Europe with their raids.

We are talking about the Vikings who not only

stayed on the British,

German or French coasts, but

also reached the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily

and even the very coasts

of the Byzantine Empire. They were also

seen in the Baltic, obviously, and along

the Russian coast. Ultimately, the

Vikings failed in their attempt to

conquer England and gradually

lost influence and power in

Europe. But there is no doubt that they were

very tough warriors to fight.

From the Vikings we will move on to

one of their descendants, William the

Conqueror, who, after landing with

a large army, emerged victorious at the

Battle of Hastings and took the

throne of England. And from England we

go to the Middle East, because there

a series of wars will take place,

driven by the Catholic Church, whose

objective will be to recover the Holy Land

for Christendom. which had been in

Muslim hands since the 6th century. These

wars would be called crusades

and, after beginning in 1091, would

last for nearly 200 years. There will be up to

nine crusades, but the most important

are undoubtedly the first three. The

first one managed to conquer Jerusalem and

form the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as

taking over other territories. The second crusade

failed in its attempt to take Damascus,

but after it, Muslim troops

led by Saladin retook

Jerusalem, which led to the third

crusade that could not recover the city,

but did manage to sign a peace treaty with

Saladin. In 1291, the crusaders

evacuated their last possessions in

Tyrosidon and Beirut. And once again

we change location and go to

Mongolia because there at the beginning of the

11th century, at the same time as the

Christian kings were defeating the Muslims

in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, a

great empire was about to emerge. We are talking about the

empire of the great Genjisc, who not only

managed to unite all the Mongols under

one leadership, but also increased his

domains like no one had ever

achieved before. Hja was able to conquer a

large part of Asia, securing his

control of present-day China, a large

part of Russia, the Middle East, Persia, and

even reaching the very

gates of Europe. In 1227, after

conquering half the world, Heniskan died

from injuries caused by the simple

fact of falling off his horse.

However, their descendants continued to

expand the Mongol empire,

defeating Hungarians, Germans,

Poles, Persians, and other peoples. The

problem was that the process for choosing

a new leader, that is, a Khan, was

complicated and even required stopping

military campaigns. Furthermore, the

Mongol Empire was divided into different kanties,

and the process for appointing the leaders

of these kanties was also complicated.

This caused the empire to gradually

disintegrate due to problems between

different Mongol tribes. And well,

nothing, uh, by the beginning of the

14th century the empire was already completely

divided and was not even a shadow of what it had

once been. And at the end of the

11th century, something happens that

will sound familiar to those of you who are players of Le of Empir.

We are talking about the rebellion of the Scots

led by William Wallas against the

English occupation. There will be up to two wars

for Scottish independence in

the 14th century. Following them, the Scots

managed to maintain their independence,

a 14th century in which

the travels of Marco Polo also became famous

, a Venetian who managed to reach

East Asia and get to know China and

Mongolia, something that in those times

was little less than science fiction. And

before we go to the Last Great War

of the Middle Ages, we have to stop

at the Black Death of the 14th century,

specifically between the years 1347 and

1353,

when it was the peak of one of the greatest

pandemics in history. It is difficult

to know the exact number of deaths,

but it is estimated that between 75 and 200

million people lost their lives,

equivalent to between 30 and 60% of

the European population. And finally, we

go to France, to a war that,

despite lasting 116 years, was called

the Hundred Years' War. It was a

war in which the French and English fought tooth and nail

to see who would get

all the

French territories that were in the hands of the

English crown. And if there's one thing you know about

this conflict, it's that she's one of the greatest

heroines in history. We are talking about

Joan of Arc, a peasant girl who led

the French army and was eventually

captured and executed.

The French would win the Hundred Years' War,

driving the English out of their lands,

except for the city of Calés, which

the English held for a little while longer.

The end of the century would be marked by the

rise of the Ottoman Empire, which, after

taking Constantinople, advanced through the

Middle East and North Africa without

anyone being able to stop them. And also because of the

end of the reconquest by

the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom

of Castile, who in 1492 would take the

last Muslim stronghold, the kingdom of

Granada. That same year, Christopher Columbus

unknowingly arrived in America. The

Spanish Empire was about to be born

and the world was about to globalize. The

Middle Ages were coming to an end. However,

friends of Fish Memories, we cannot

end this video without talking about the form

of society that dominated much of the

Middle Ages, feudalism. During the

Middle Ages, most kings were

weak kings who needed the support and

loyalty of the nobility. To achieve this,

the king ceded part of her power and lands

to these nobles. In these lands,

known as fiefdoms, the nobleman imposed

his authority. In return, the nobleman

provided the king with economic and

military support in case of war. For his part,

the nobleman, also known as a

feudal lord, offered protection to anyone who

wanted to live on his lands. However, this was in

exchange for the altar and, of course, a

series of payments, either in cash or in

kind. These individuals were

known as pasallos and were usually

peasants or artisans. The

nobility was also divided into the high

nobility, which included the great

feudal lords, and the low nobility.

Feudal lords with small lands or

landless nobles who were dedicated to war

and who were called knights. There

was also another privileged class,

the clergy, since during the

Middle Ages the church had brutal social and

political power. And that's all. I hope you

enjoyed this overview of the

Middle Ages. Would you have included anything else? Have I

missed anything? I'll read your

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So that's all, greetings to everyone and until

next time.

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