Fisiología Veterinaria S13 - (parte 2)

we have talked about the filtration process and now we have to talk about what would be the absorption and separation now that ultrafiltration that we have seen that must fulfill several molecules substances with the requisites to be able to pass these filtration barriers generating this ultrafiltration has the characteristic

has a molecularity similar to that of isosceles. That means it has 300 million moles. This ultrafiltration will continue to advance through the portion of the molecule. And the first part, through which it will pass, is the proximal contoured molecule. And approximately 65% of the molecules will be reabsorbed to this molecule.

You can see sodium, chlorine, calcium, phosphate, urea, glucose, amino acids. And look, glucose at 100%, amino acids at 100% in its entirety. Why? Because later, in the following molecular portions, we no longer have transporters of glucose and amino acids. Regarding these two molecules,

at the level of the proximal contorneal tubule. So, we are going to see different types of these forms. We are going to start with the case of the glucose. For the glucose, we already know, it is filtered at 100%, it reaches the proximal contorneal tubule portion, and here it has to be reabsorbed. And we are going to find other transporters, the SGLT1 and SGLT2. At the level of the intestine, what was the one we found? One of two.

At the renal level we find SGLT1 and SGLT2. What is the difference? The number of sodiums that you add with the glucose. In SGLT1 it is 1 of glucose for 2 of sodium, while in SGLT2 it is 1 of glucose for 1 of sodium. That is the main difference. Now,

As we talked about before the recess, glucose transporters are limited. Therefore, if we have 100 glucose molecules, we will have 100 SGLT. 100 glucose molecules, we will find 100 SGLT.

Therefore, it means, as we have seen in the previous image, that 100% is reactable. But what happens when glucose levels are increased? This happens, for example, in patients with diabetes. Let's remember that they are no longer 100, but they have 200 glucose molecules that are being filtered, but we still have 100 SGLT. What is happening here?

we will have 100 co-transporters, which means that only 100 will be able to absorb. What happens with the 100 that are there? They will be carried by the whole tubular portion and will be eliminated by the urine. And here it will no longer be 100%, but it will be 50%. And we start to see here liposuction.

That is, presence of glucose in the blood. Something that we know we should not find. Unless the levels of glucose are constantly increasing and we have diabetes.

that is not controlled. In those cases, we will find this anticoagulation, which is what we expected. And this is only because, I repeat, the co-transporters are limited. That is, they run out. When they were used, they were used. Until another group is filtered and can be used again after a break. So they have a certain limit.

That is why it is important that at the level of the tube, approximately, at 100% it can be absorbed. The same happens with amino acids. We have seen in the test, that these amino acids at 100% have to be absorbed. And in this case, they use, it would be, the absorbers of a condenser. Another thing that we have seen

We have the light of the proximal contoured tubular, we have the apical membranes and the vasolateral membranes. We have contact with the interstitium and with the parietal. And we can see different types of transport, in the case of sodium, with glucose, with the ventricle.

We have sodium exchangers and hydrogen because hydrogen is usually used to prevent cell acidification. We have sodium and chlorine channels, chlorine always following sodium. We see that water can go through cell lines, it can also be done through aquaporins, here at the level of the cell.

from the tubular we find different types of aquaporins and we can also see that the potassium calcite can pass through paracellular pathways. We see a little of the same thing. We see the amino acids with sodium, the glucose with sodium, the phosphate with sodium, the sulfate with sodium,

water passing through cell lines, we see the potassium, we see the interchanger of sodium and hydrogen, and we also see how the carbonate is indirectly reabsorbed. I hope you can see the picture. We have seen that there is a hydrogen-steroide interchanger, therefore, that hydrogen is usually found with the carbonate.

CO2 is how it is absorbed, that is, in an indirect way, a 90%.

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will pass through the blood through a contra-transport with sodium. Or also, if we don't see it here, it can also be done by contra-transport with chlorine. And we have what would be the sodium-potassium bond so that the sodium can come out. Always remember, it is the sodium that enters, the sodium that wants to come out. Why? Because it is concentrated outside. Now, in the case of phosphates,

Here, the ratio is between 85 and 90% of the samples. And it happens, as we have seen at the industrial level, through the transport with the soil. Only here we have two types of co-transporters for the sample and the soil. The type 2A and the type 2C. What is the difference? The number of soils.

In the case of 2A, they go 3 of sodium with the phosphate, while in type 2C, they go 2 of sodium with the phosphate. Once they enter, once they are absorbed, the sodium comes out through the potassium-sodium pump and the phosphate, by facilitated diffusion, will be coming to the cell. You will realize that all this we have already seen in part in intestinal secretions and without a doubt in our first class.

Sodium in 75% is reabsorbed at the level of the main contoured tube. Why? Because we see that sodium is used with great pleasure to be able to reach, to finally be able to be reabsorbed in the body with sodium.

with sodium, citrate with sodium, sulfate with sodium, porphylate with sodium, with molybdenum, no. And once inside, we know that sodium will mostly come from the mouth of the potassium sulfate. Some will use limited resources, or some can use a transport of potassium. This is what happens with sulfate, for example. Sulfate, to be able to pass into the blood, makes a counter-transport with who? With bicarbonate. That's it. One by one.

with different types of transporter. In the case of calcium, 80-85% is absorbed at the level of the proximal contouring tubule. In this case, unlike what was happening at the level of the intestine, calcium reaches through the food and has the ability to enter into the interocytes. But what happens in the cells

that are located in the proximal contouring tubule. They need a small stimulus from a hormone called the paratormone. We will see it next week or in the last week. The paratormone allows calcium to enter these cells. Here we will also see the calvinin, we will see the vitamin D, the calcitriol, necessary for the calcium to be transported to the lateral basal membrane.

that can finally reach the blood through the sodium exchanger or through the calcium pump. And it can also be absorbed by cell pathways. In both cases, always following a concentration gradient. Now, in the Hegelian link, we will continue to advance, if you have any questions about what we have here. The interior calcium. Ah, the hormone apparatus.

Yes, the paracormon and the calcitriol because it activates the calvomine. Now, before moving on to the Hegel's axis, I am seeing here something very interesting that we did not have in the previous part, which refers to the proximal entomological tubule. And it is that we know that hydrogel ions are being released.

But there is also an amino acid, which is the glutamine. The glutamine reaches the cells of the proximal contorbenous tubule and tends to degrade, it continues to divide, into ammonia and bicarbonate. And what happens is that another way of trying to neutralize that acidity is that the ammonia joins the hydroxide and forms ammonia.

is another way of trying to regulate that pH within the tubular motion. And what happens mainly is that the tubule is controlled by the cell. It is here in the graph and you can see it. Passing the Hegel's axis is the place where the origin is going to be concentrated. As we had already seen in the first case, we came back to start the class. And in this case we have the branch

and the ascending branch. These are the ones that will allow the ultrafiltration to be concentrated. We had seen that ultrafiltration is isomotic, as it passes through the tubule with proximal torsion. But when it begins to descend through the genuinal loop, we see that the polarity increases, it returns and it is exposed. This for what reason?

that at the level of the membranes that form part of the cell of the descendant bone are permeable to the water but not to the solutes, that is to say that the water passes to the interstitium therefore, when there is less water in the corse tubules the solutes increase and go up to 300, 400, 600, 800, 1200

1400, 1300, 1000 times. And this allows us to concentrate. What is the purpose of being able to retain water? But why retain water? Besides, we know that these membranes are permeable to water. And it is that in the ascendant branch, or covers the opposite, that is, there is permeability for solutes,

for the sodium product mainly, which makes the medullary interstitial more hyperphonic. Therefore, the water feels attracted to where there is more water, so that's why it comes out through the branch. That is, here we see an amplification of the molars, and there is the name of the counter-reaction mechanism. We go to the ascending branch again.

Here the membranes are comparable to the solutes and not to the water. So what happens? The solutes begin to come out, but the water does not, and therefore the neutrality begins here again. 1200, 1800, 600, 300, 200, and so on. It's normal. Why? Because there is a great output of solutes.

to try to balance and ozcalate. This increased muscularity is not only due to the testicle tubules. Those 1200 that we see here also run on the account of the bone. What happens in this case? That at the level of the collector tube, as well as we see in the discovery of the vibretti, it favors the externalization of aquaporins also in the most medullary portion of the collector tube, it stimulates

It is called U-T, that is, it activates these urea transporters. So the urea, from the light of the collector tube, goes through the membranes with these transformers, goes to the interstitium, goes to the rectal base, remember that we have here a panel, the rectal base, the rectal base again to the interstitium, and from the interstitium it reaches the medullary portion,

of the gene pool, so it contributes with that 1,200. If it was only the sodium chloride, it would be 600-800, the same hyperosmotic, but not as hyperosmotic as expected to be able to concentrate. So we have that hyperosmotic effect is in charge of the sodium chloride, but also of the blood. And you already know where that blood comes from. It comes from the polyp.

to be able to concentrate the urea. Any questions? In the case of urea, or? I repeat, the urea that is, we know that most of it will resolve at this level, but not all of it. The urea continues, reaches this inner portion of the connective tube,

and due to the presence of the diuretic hormone, the agonist transporters are activated. The agonia begins to go to the interstitium. The interstitium to the rectum, from the rectum again to the interstitium, and the interstitium reaches again to the deep portion of the ass. It contributes to the increase of solutus. I know it seems a bit complicated, it is not.

Now, we have that it will go to the contorted cumulus of the mystals.

In this case, approximately 10% is what will be absorbed at this level. And what is absorbed? Mainly sodium, chlorine, calcium also, a little water, but mainly solute. And the products that we are seeing here, for example, we have:

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these channels for calcium and also for potassium, so that sodium enters and potassium comes out. Remember that the aldosterone has activity on the distal contoured tubule and the collector tubule. So, what we are going to see here is the light of these two portions and we are going to see that the aldosterone that comes by line enters these main cells.

or aldosterone, which is a hormone, but it has its receptors at the intracellular level. Unlike everything we've seen, where normally the receptors were at the membrane level. In this case, the receptors are internal. Why? Because aldosterone is a type of hormone that is known as a steroid hormone. That is, it derives from cholesterol.

and therefore has the capacity to head the membranes, the lipidic b-cap. These receptors are in the internal vena, we are not going to talk much about the receptor because we are going to know it in the last class, and when this receptor joins it will generate a series of signalizations

that will finally allow the N-ACs to be activated, which are general proteins for the blood. The blood begins to enter. That is the way we have just seen it. And the other thing is that it excretes potassium and does so by reactivating other proteins for potassium that are called. So there you can see its function, its effect, as the other conditions.

The sodium that entered, the sodium that will come out through the CO2 pump and reaches the bloodstream. Now, we can also see in the distal contoured tube that by action, again the hormone barrier, here we also see that there is calcium input. There is a calcium fluctuation. Calcium enters, we see the calcimine,

It is a protein that allows its transport from the alkaline membrane to the vasolateral membrane. That calvinine needs its activation by the calcitriol and vitamin D3, which is the active form of the vitamin. And calcium passes through the blood through the sodium exchanger or through the bone, the calcium beam.

Now, in the portion of the collector tunnel itself, we know that it is a place where an important water absorption will be done, as long as there is the presence of the antiviral water, which has its receptors at that level, and we have also seen how it has effects on urea. Water, for an antiviral, which also has an antiviral effect,

allowing it to carry, to be part of this mechanism, the indicator of the corny formula. Here. See in the case, it could be the hebraic woman, the ADH, also known as Sopresina, or you may also find it with this abbreviation, which says ABT, which means Arginine-Soprine, which is the name, the first name with which it was known a thousand years ago.

still not yet cyclistic. So, the antibiotic hormone reaches its receptor B2 or B2, which is coupled with the protein PS, the excitatory, therefore it activates the encyclase, allows the ATP to be in the cyclic arm, and the cyclic arm activates the protein kinase. And the protein kinase what it does is to solidify proteins. In this case, what it will allow is that the aquaporins 2 can be externalized

at the level of the atrial membranes. Why? To be able to retain the water. The water can enter and exit through the lateral base membrane through aquaporins 3 and 4. But the ones that are externalized are aquaporins 2. Now, we can also see here the action of the antidiuretic hormone, which is one of the receptors, B2, or B2, coupled with the GS protein.

The activation of the cyclone allows the ATP to be combined with the specific DNA, which in turn activates the protein and the protein is activated by the unilaterally activated cells, which are the transporters of the urea, which can be absorbed and will pass through the interstitium, the blood, through the rectal base, again the interstitium and reaches the cell.

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the proximal contoured tubular, the descendant-degenerate asa, and the 7-degenerate homolym, distributed in the whole segment of the descending asa. We had already said that the ascendant asa is the water tank, basically, it is a memorable and long-term, we have thought that in the ascendant-degenerate asa, the function of the water tank is

Here it shows us two conditions, one where there is an absence of an antibiotic, there is a pathology called diabetes insidia, we are going to see this in the last class, and there we are going to see it in more detail, but there is a pathology that makes there is an absence of an antibiotic.

If there is a hybrids absence, logically we will not have the V2 factors. Therefore, there is no retention. If there is no retention of water, the urine will not concentrate in the body. Therefore, we will have diluted urine with a higher volume because it has more line.

It also happens when there is dehydration, when you drink a lot of water, a lot of liquid, and there comes a time when you need to go to the service to be able to drink. Why? Because there is no release of dehydration. That urine is practically transparent. Why? Because it has a lot of water.

Now, here we have another condition in which we have the presence of the anti-uretic hormone. In this case, when there is an anti-uretic hormone, those two factors of the blood are going to be activated. Once the anti-uretic hormone is used, it externalizes the saccharins and the water is absorbed, as we can see. Therefore, the urine is concentrated again. And as it is more concentrated, then we are going to create a lower volume

more concentrated and less liquid and possibly a very good coloration. We will have these next week in practice. We have another table here where what interests me in this case that you understand well is that we have the different molecules, like me here, what percentage is being absorbed, that is, this last part of the table.

We can see that in the case of sodium, chlorine, 99% is 100% practically. In the case of potassium, 93% because we have to take into account that there is activity by the cholesterol and the sodium is 3%, which is less than 1% of the absorption.

Bicarbonate 99%, glucose 100%, alanine 100%, urea 60-65%. And water, we see here that it is 99%, with a small asterisk, why?

Because that will depend on whether there are diuretic hormones or if the patient is dehydrated or if he is thirsty. That will include the fact that if he is dehydrated, the restriction will be better and the restriction will be more severe. Very well, we have already seen how the virus has formed to be able to amass at the level of the vision.

And we are going to see, by anemone, we know what are the differences between the male and female. Logically, we know that male are the predators, they are not the predators. But there are also structures, like the urethra, and there is a difference between males and females. What is the main difference between males and females? The long one. The long one. And the long one.

Remember, if we have to make mistakes, we have to make them here. The trans-work in the cells is shorter, unlike what happens in the cells. So, it is important, this path that I was going to say, but previously, we have seen in the different species, the types of receptors that we are going to find in the different segments, but to be able to understand the process of the mutation,

It will occur during two phases: the filling phase and the emptying phase. They are two phases. Don't despair so much about the receptors, as you are seeing. Focus, for example, on the muscle of the trussor, which is the one we are going to see the most, we are going to make a diagram that you will understand. This admixture physiology has a conscious component and another unconscious, involuntary and involuntary.

And why a voluntary? Because it is a reflex. That is, there is a center of the fiction, which is called the continuous center. The continuous center of the fiction. But it also has a voluntary component, which is the case of the cerebral cortex. That is, if the conditions are given, the animal will be able to move. For example, if the animal arrives at his house of friends, because the little one goes out on the road and has his

So, according to the condition. He drags the door, hoping that when he opens the door, he won't be able to enter the house because he has to open the door so that he, when he is already used to it, can finally escape. So, there he responds to the will, to the courtesy. And we will also see that there are certain signals from the brain

that will reach this mountainous area because when the animal acts, like the case of the dog that kicks the dog, here in a position where the dogs are going to be in their arena, they take a position to overreact. If you look there, you will see that there is a certain coordination between the dog and the animal, and that is what the brain does. Now, what we are going to see from the

We are going to see the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. On the sympathetic side we have the hypopasic nerve, which is going to lead to the muscle of the liver's intrusive and on the parasympathetic side to the pelvic nerves.

which comes from the sacral portion. That is, in the sacral nucleus we also have an integrative center. And on the somatic side, which responds to the will, we have the power nerve. And it is the one that allows us to have the two bases. And again, the opinions on this side are very important. Sympathetic with the gastric, parasympathetic with the aspergillus, and somatic with the

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