СТРОЕНИЕ АТОМА ХИМИЯ 8 класс // Подготовка к ЕГЭ по Химии - INTENSIV

Hello everyone, my name is Alexey. This is an

intensive training center. Today we're going over

the structure of the atom. It's clear and understandable, no fluff. Let's

go. We don't think about it,

but all the objects that

surround us are made up of tiny

particles called atoms.

Today we'll look at the structure of the atom. An atom

consists of a nucleus and an electron shell. The

nucleus consists of particles called protons,

which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have a zero

charge, while electrons,

which have a negative charge, revolve

around the nucleus.

The number of protons, electrons, and

neutrons in different atoms varies, and you

need to be able to determine their number.

Let's practice doing this using a

carbon atom as an example. To determine

the number of protons, electrons, and

neutrons, we need to know the atomic

number of

carbon, which is 6, and the mass

number, which is 12. The number of protons and electrons is

always equal to the atomic

number. If carbon has an atomic number of

six, then carbon will have six protons

and six electrons, and the number of neutrons

is determined as follows: we

subtract the atomic

number twelve from the mass number. Minus 6 is 6, which means

carbon will also have 6 neutrons, and

if everything is clear with protons and neutrons,

they are in the nucleus, then

you need to be able to arrange the electrons around the nucleus

on the so-called

energy levels, these are like pockets into

which carbon shove its

electrons, and carbon will have two such

energy levels, and you will say,

why two, how do we determine this?

Determined by the periodic table,

carbon is in the second period, this

means that it will have only two

energy levels. At the first

energy level, there

can always be a maximum of

only 2 electrons, and if we said that

carbon has only 6 electrons and at the

first energy level there are

two electrons, then at the second

energy level there will be 4

electrons, because in total there are 4 at the second,

barely at the first, this will be exactly 6

electrons, and you also need to be able to

display this on paper, and this is called an

electron diagram, it is made as

follows: you write carbon, then put a

circle, this means the nucleus of the atom, and put

here a charge of plus 6, thus you

show that carbon 6 protons

then put two such showers these are the

energy levels of carbon there are 2 1 2

on the first level 2 electronics and on the

second level 4 electrons with carbon

count

let's look at another example sulfur atom sulfur

has an atomic number 16 and a

mass number of 32

we start as usual with the nucleus and determine

the number of protons and electrons and

neutrons the number of

protons and electrons will be

equal to the atomic number

therefore if the atomic number of

sulfur is 16 then the number of protons is 16 the number of

electrons will also be 16 but

we determine the number of neutrons as

follows from the mass number we

subtract the atomic number 32 -16 is 16

so sulfur will have 16 protons 16

electrons 16 neutrons

now we need to distribute the electrons into

layers around sulfur and it must be said that

sulfur will have three energy levels

why because sulfur is in the

third period means sulfur will have three

energy levels at the first

energy level we said with you is

always located A maximum of two electrons

at the second energy level of sulfur

will be in 8 electrons and you

need to remember

at the second level there are a maximum of 8

electrons and if we count how many

electrons we have already filled, their

number will be 10 and if sulfur has only

16 electrons and we have already drawn 10, then it will be

logical to assume that at the

third energy level there

will be a total of 6 electrons left, that is,

in total you should have 16 yourself, you

can still check if you did everything correctly

in the periodic table

there are more groups and sulfur is in the

sixth group and the group shows

the number of electrons at the outer level, the

outer level of sulfur, accordingly,

here is the last third and here we have 6

electrons matching the group number,

which means we did everything correctly now we need to

make an electronic circuit of sulfur atoms

we write sulfur put a circle in a circle

write plus 16 show that the charge of the nucleus is

16 plus because protons have a

positive charge

then we make three energy

levels along which the electrons will be distributed

at the first level a maximum of two

electrons can already be directly Just

count 2 in the second we distributed

one two three 4 5 six 7 8 electrons and

in the third energy level there are

6 electrons left with the gray atom, let's

consider the sodium atom and so the

nucleus and information on sodium from the periodic table

on 3 has an atomic number of 11 and a

mass number of 23 we say that the

atomic number is equal to the number of

protons and the number of electrons we

need to determine the neutrons for this

we subtract the atomic number from the mass number

23 -11 is 12 as you can see

the number of neutrons may not coincide

with the number of protons and electrons the

proton and neutron are in the nucleus

and the electrons need to be distributed around the

nucleus sodium will have three energy

levels as we determined this we see

sodium is in the third period

means it will have a total of three

energy levels across which the electrons will be

distributed the

first energy level

contains two electrons we say

at the first level there are a maximum of two

electrons the second energy level

contains 8 electrons if we count the

number of electrons that we have already

arranged on two levels then this

number There will be 10 if sodium has only

11 electrons and

we have already placed 10 on the first two levels, then it will be logical to

assume that on the third level we will have

only one electronics engineer left and

we said that you can

check yourself if

there is one electron on the outer level, then sodium

should be in the first group,

let's check sodium is in the

first group, which means we did everything

correctly now we need to write the

electron diagram of the sodium atom we write

sodium

put a circle this is the nucleus write the charge in

plus 11 the

nucleus contains one of the protons then we

make three energy levels on the

first level two electrons for 2 we

put in total on the second level the

maximum can be in total

no more fits and on the third level we have

one electronics engineer left we

have analyzed carbon which has two

levels sulfur with three levels and sodium

also with three levels but I want to

show you another atom which has

only one energy level and this is the

helium atom the nucleus and only one

energy level let's determine

the number of protons and electrons and

neutrons the

atomic number Helium has 2

electrons, so helium has

only two

protons because the atomic number is

equal to the number of protons and electrons.

We determine neutrons by

subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. 4 minus

2 is 2, which

means we've killed two neutrons, and helium has only

one energy level.

If we look at the periodic table,

helium will be in the first

period,

meaning it has one energy

level. If it has two electrons and

one energy level, then these same two electrons will be

at this first energy

level. Let's make an electron diagram from

the grave,

write a circle, +2 charge of the nucleus, and one

energy level. We made it and

showed that there are two electrons there.

We've analyzed the structure of the atom.

Subscribe to our channel. Goodbye.