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Continuing with our videos on
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world literature, today we'll look at realism, its
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characteristics, and its main
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in the second half of the 19th century. With the
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progress of the Industrial Revolution and
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thanks to technological advancements,
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capitalism developed,
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generating a dehumanized relationship
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between the bourgeoisie and the working class, which
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provoked many protests. During these years,
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Marx and Engels also published the
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Communist Manifesto, and
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socialism emerged. Likewise, the
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Second French Republic was established as a
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and worker protests in France. It was during this time that
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the precepts of positivism developed,
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a doctrine that bases its method on
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observation. In this context,
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literature left behind its romanticism and
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offered a more objective perspective on
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reality. Realism is a
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literary movement that arose in France as a
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response to the individualism and idealism
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of romanticism. Unlike romanticism, which
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expressed sentimental love in an
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idyllic setting surrounded by
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nature, realism sought to describe the
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social environment, the historical context, and
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the experiences of the characters.
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Man was no longer considered a
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facing society, but rather an integral
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part of it. The product of her experiences in
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relationships is narrated by
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creating a mirror of reality
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through observation and description,
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inherited from Comte's positivism.
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A kind of scientific rigor is even manifested
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due to the search for objectivity.
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Furthermore, simple and precise language is used,
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resulting in a literature
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interested in the social environment. We can
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then say that realism is a
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movement that arose in France, which
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describes the world without idealizing it and
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developed mainly in Europe in
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the second half of the 19th century.
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The characteristics of realism are
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verisimilitude and objectivity over
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subjectivity or feelings, since it
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seeks to reflect reality. It no longer
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narrates unusual events but rather
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facts with real-life characters and
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recognizable places. It is influenced by
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positivism, as we have seen, adopting the
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postulates of the scientific method,
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trying to ensure that its works reflect
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Detailed observation and description are used
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not only of the environment and physical reality
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but also of psychological traits.
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Narrative becomes the
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quintessential genre of realism since it
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allows for descriptions and is less
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subjective. The police's interest in
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writers to shift their focus from
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themselves to society,
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especially urban spaces.
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Characters were not driven by
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passion but by real necessity.
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A sober and simple language was used,
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seeking clarity and accuracy.
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The main representatives of
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realism are: [The following appears to be a separate, unrelated entry:] "Extending Childhood," which
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initiates psychological realism, focusing on the main characters in *The
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Red and the Black*, where Jules Verne
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seeks social advancement;
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Gustave Flaubert with his works *Salammbô* and *
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Madame Bovary*, in which the protagonist is most
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involved in passionate adventures due to
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we also find [the following appears to be a separate, unrelated entry:] "Honor to Duty" by Sac with his
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compendium of more than 80 novels called *
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The Human Comedy*, which
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includes *The Skin of the Toad* and *Père Goriot*; in
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England we have Charles Dickens with *
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David Copperfield* and *Oliver Tweet*; in
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Spain, Benito Pérez Galdós and his work *
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Marianela*; in the USA, Mark Twain with *The
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Adventures of Tom Sawyer*; in Russia,
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Fyodor Dostoevsky with *Crime and
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Punishment*. And the Karamazov brothers,
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also Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy with
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War and More. As the final and extreme stage
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of realism, we will mention
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naturalism, which has an
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absolute influence of science by showing
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reality with total impartiality. Its
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main representatives are Emile Zola,
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accompanied by the script of Mombasa.
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Realism openly confronted
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sentimental or fantastic literature has been and is
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a window, or rather an opening, to
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our eyes. A reality is often
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validated; the writer does not seek an
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inner truth but a social truth.
