BIOLOGI IPA - Pertumbuhan & Perkembangan Tumbuhan | GIA Academy

Hello friends, welcome back to the Gia Academy YouTube channel. I hope you are always healthy and excited. Have you ever planted tomato seeds? Although planted at the same time, in fact, tomato seeds grow into tomato plants with different heights and conditions. Do you know what factors affect it?

As we know, every living creature experiences an increasing and greater process as well as experiencing the development of body organs. This process is called the growth and development of living creatures. How about it? The process in the human body, animals and plants? Watch this video series until it's over.

So in this video we will learn about the growth and development of living beings. Keep watching the video. Well friends, growth is the process of adding the number and size of cells to living beings that are quantitative or can be measured, but the condition cannot return to the original or irreversible condition.

An example of growth is the increase in the height of a plant. To be able to calculate the growth process quantitatively, a tool called an oximeter is used.

While development is a process towards adulthood that is qualitative or cannot be measured, but its condition can return to the original or reversible state. For example, the development of flower-shaped reproductive organs in plants. Although different understandings, the process of growth and development run together and are related to each other. First, we discuss growth and development in plants.

The growth in the plant begins from the seed that grows into the zygote, then becomes the embryo that is equipped with food stock. Seeds are divided into two types, namely monocotyl seed and dicotyl seed, consisting of the following parts: seed skin, endosperms and cotyledons, which function to store food stock and nourish the embryo.

radicula or root stem, plumula, leaf stem, epikotyl, stem above the cotiledon, and hippocotyl, stem below the cotiledon.

The difference between monocotyl and dicotyl from the structure of the seed is that in monocotyl plants, the plumula and radicula have a shell called the radicula protector choleorhiza and the plumula protector choleoptil, while in dicotyl plants, the plumula and radicula do not have a shell.

The process of growth of the seed is marked by the presence of germination. Germination is a series of processes that began since the period of dormancy until it became a growing seed. Germination includes physiological and morphological events as follows: Imbibition and Absorption, which is the process of absorbing water from the seed until each cell is filled enough.

Hydration of the network, namely the absorption and storage process of water in the network of plants. Absorption of oxygen, the process of absorbing oxygen. Enzyme and fertilization activation, water enters the seed that activates the enzyme and allows food stock in hydrolysis to be dissolved. Molecule transfer, the dissolved molecule that has been hydrolyzed will be brought to the body's point of expansion, namely the embryo nucleus.

increase the respiration and assimilation process, until the embryo appears. The addition of seeds is distinguished into two types, namely epigeal and hypogale. Epigeal if there is a wide branch formation below the hippocotyl, so that the hippocotyl and cotiledon are lifted up to the ground. For example, the addition of green peanuts, Paseolus radiatus.

Hypogeal, when there is a bridge of a wide branch upwards, so that the epikotyl leaves are lifted up to the ground, but the cotiledon remains in the ground. For example, the addition of the capricorn, pisum satifum.

The process of addition that can be observed is the emergence of plantula or small plants from the seed as a result of growth and embryo development. When the seed experiences addition, the plumula part will grow and develop into a stem, while the radicula will grow into roots.

After the expansion phase, the growth of the three primary meristem networks that are located in the roots and stems is followed. The three primary network systems that are formed are: Rotoderm, namely the outer layer that will form the epidermal network.

The basic meristem, which will develop into a network of the base that fills the cortex layer at the root, and the procambium, the inner layer that will develop into the central cylinder, namely the silem and phloem. The growth that occurs in the growth can be distinguished into two, namely primary growth and secondary growth.

Primary growth occurs as a result of cell dilation on the primary stem network located at the root and stem ends. The presence of primary stem networks at the root and stem ends allows the growth to grow higher or longer.

Secondary growth occurs as a result of the activity of the secondary meristem network found in dicotyl growth such as cambium and cambium gabus. The presence of secondary growth allows the growth organs to increase. So we can differentiate primary and secondary growth as follows:

The changes in shape that occur in primary growth are seen from the length of the long plant stem and the presence of stem components, while secondary growth is seen from the large stem diameter. The network that plays a role in primary growth is the apical and intercalar meristem network, while secondary growth occurs due to the role of the lateral meristem network.

Primary growth produces longitudinal growth, while secondary growth produces radial growth. Primary growth has occurred since the beginning of the growth, while secondary growth occurs following primary growth. Primary growth occurs at the root and stem ends, while secondary growth occurs at the cambium and the capillary cambium.

Plants that experience primary growth are all types of plants, while secondary growth is only experienced by plants that have roots and cambium stems.

And the development of the network that occurs in the primary growth is the development of the primary vascular network, while the network that develops in the secondary growth is the development of the secondary peridem network, secondary phloem, secondary silem, lenticel, and wood skin during the secondary growth. So far you can understand, right?

Next, we will discuss the growth of the growth organ consisting of root, stem, and flower growth. Primary growth at root. At the root, there are three areas of growth based on the growth rate, namely the cell division area, the cell extension area, and the cell differentiation area.

Cell division area is the area with the highest cell division frequency. This area is located at the back of the root end, including the root stem and meristem area. The root stem is located at the very end of the root. The root stem functions to secrete the polysaccharide fluid and protect the meristem area.

Polysaccharides liquid is used to moisten the soil around the root growth point so that the soil becomes smooth and easy to penetrate by the roots. The meristem area is located behind the root cap. This area includes the apical meristem and its derivatives. The apical meristem is the area on the root that produces the primary meristem cells that function to replace the single cells on the root cap.

Cell extension area is an area that is arranged on cells that have the ability to grow and extend. Cells located in this extension area also function to store food, so that these cells are more durable than cells in other areas. The cell extension area is located behind the cell division area.

The cell differentiation area is the area where cell formation occurs. This area is located at the end of the root. In the differentiation area, the extension area cells begin to specialize in its structure and function. Epidermis in this area has been differentiated and grows into root cells, silems, and phloems.

Primary growth on the stem Primary growth and development on the stem include the meristematic area, the extension area, and the differentiation area. The meristematic area of ​​the stem consists of the leaf stem and the apical meristem. The extension area is arranged by the Procambium and in the differentiation area there are the epidermis, cortex, m-puller, silem primar, and phloem primar.

The apical meristem on the stem is formed by the cells that are usually split at the tip of the stem, which is usually called the cuneiform. In the cuneiform, the stem or internodus and the small or primordial leaf tips have a very short distance because the interval between the branches is also short. The growth, split, and extension of the cell occurs in the internodus. In general, the extension of the stem in the caudal is caused by the older growth of the internodus at the bottom of the stem.

Secondary growth on the stem This growth is found in the dicotyl growth that causes the growth diameter to increase due to the presence of cambium. The cambium on the stem is differentiated into two, namely: 1. Vascular cambium, which is a cambium found in the ligament, functions to form the silem inward and the phloem outward.

The intervascular cambium is the cambium located between the ligaments. The stages of secondary growth on the stem, among others,

The vascular cambium cell is located between the phloem and the phloem. The vascular cambium cell makes a split inward to form the secondary phloem network and outward to form the secondary phloem network. The split of the vascular cambium cell produces an increase in the stem diameter, so the epidermis is removed or dead. The split of the fungal cambium will replace the damaged epidermis function.

The split of the vascular cambium occurs throughout the year, but the split speed in the rainy season is different from the rainy season. In the rainy season, the split speed is higher, resulting in a larger diameter of the stem. The presence of intervascular cambium that connects with vascular cambium will form a circle in the stem called the circle of the year.

The next growth and development of the plant organ is the flower. The following are the flowering stages. Flower induction or evocation, the meristem network changes into a reproductive meristem network. Flower initiation, morphological changes from vegetative tunas into reproductive stem forms.

towards the flowering flower, there is a differentiation of flower parts, megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis for the perfection and ripening of male and female reproductive organs. Flowering flower or anthesis, flowering usually occurs along with the cooking of male and female reproductive organs, fertilization and fertilization, formed young fruit.

Fruit and seed development, started with the growth of fruit or ovarium, followed by endosperm development or food storage, and then embryo development.

Well, friends, that's our discussion about growth and development in the crop, consisting of the process of addition, growth and development in the root, stem, until the flower grows. You can understand it, right?

Okay friends, that's our discussion about growth and development in plants. We will continue to discuss the factors that affect plant growth and development in the next video. Wait for it, see you.