Berpikir Komputasional

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh

in this meeting we will discuss

one element namely computational thinking

in Informatics subjects with the

learning objective of thinking

logically in solving problems

What is computational thinking

computational thinking or

computational thinking is a

method for solving problems

by applying computer science

or Informatics techniques another definition of

computational thinking is the ability to

think

to solve a problem

thoroughly logically and orderly

and can also be said to be a

problem-solving technique that has a very broad

area of ​​application not only to

solve problems related to

computer science but also to

solve various problems in

everyday life

with the concept of

defining problems collecting data

identifying the most likely causes of problems

identifying the

root of the problem

and proposing and implementing

solutions in other words

brain computing to

get used to thinking logically

structured and creative

there are four principles of computational paytren

namely the first decomposition the

second paytren mission the third

abstraction the fourth algorithms

where decomposition is the breakdown of

data and problems

namely breaking down data and problems

into

small parts the second is

that observe patterns and tents in data

so observe

patterns and trends in data

the third is

algorithms namely

determine Watch

to soft a problem

so step by step to

solve the problem

the fourth is abstraction remove

detail and extract telephone information

so separate the

unimportant parts and take relevant information

decomposition is about breaking down

complex problems into

small parts so that they are easy to

handle

this is the process of decomposition

where here the

big problem is analyzed first

then broken down into

small parts and so on then sought for

solutions so composed or

composed is solving a

complex problem or system

into small parts and

easy to solve

these smaller problems are

solved

one by one until the larger complex problem is

solved

as a simple example when

making fried rice

where we make fried rice

We have to understand how to make

fried rice then we collect

the ingredients then we start

making fried rice according to

the steps

in making fried rice We have to

prepare

such as stove frying pan spatula

cooking oil rice eggs spices and others

which are all a process

called decomposition

as another example

in we prepare

breakfast in the form of bread and also a cup of

tea

where the preparation of this bread includes

first slicing the bread then

Place the slices of bread

then spread with butter and

add jam

then prepare liquid coffee or tea

First, boil the water first,

pour hot water and dip the tea. Well, the

bottom process is

called decomposition, so break down the

smaller parts of

a process one by one. For more

details, please watch the

following video. The first is

decomposition or problem decomposition,

which is

the process of solving a problem

by dividing the problem into

smaller or more

manageable sub-problems and then solving

these smaller problems separately.

As seen,

one of the problem decomposition strategies

is the divide and conquer strategy,

where to solve a

big problem we define or divide the

problem into

small problems so that it becomes suprablem, then in

this example it is divided again into subproblems,

divided again into smaller suprablems

and then do Conquer

or solve the problem

one by one until finally we

can

combine the solution into a

general solution or a

general solution to the main problem that

we faced earlier

so it is made smaller so that it is easier

to solve, of course.

Well, this can be exemplified by

how, for example, we write a scientific article,

there are several ideas that we want to

convey, then we divide the idea

into subpoints of ideas which

in the end will

actually support it. explanation of the main idea

or solving the problem from the main idea

example of problem decomposition is

how we can

decompose a car as

shown in the following picture

Well from the driver's perspective we

can do functional decomposition

so divide the components of this car

based on their function

to be able to understand the car as a

whole,

for example there is a control system,

cooling system, transmission system, power system and

so on and then the

control system for example we can also

divide it again into

smaller components based on its function,

for example brake control, gas control or

maybe the steering system which is

controlled by the driver and so on

Well by dividing

the car into its components

based on its function we can

understand

the car as a whole but

more easily,

meaning when for example there is a problem

somewhere we can analyze

the relationship of the problem with the

components that we have decomposed the

second example is an example that is relevant

to pharmacy for example When we

see a syrup preparation

we can do decomposition, namely There is

secondary packaging or packaging outside

the box and there is also

primary packaging, the bottle in this case a

brown glass bottle containing the syrup preparation

then we can decompose the secondary packaging or box

again we can

divide it again that there is

packaging material for example special paper or

art paper or maybe duplex

and also there is drug information in it

then there is

drug information again the composition

indications rules of use and so on

on the other side of the primary packaging or

bottle there is the packaging material there is the

solution preparation or its contents in this case

Paracetamol solution well in the

solution preparation we can divide it again

based on the function in this case there is an

active ingredient there is an additional ingredient Well

then we can also divide this additional ingredient

into

smaller components for example there is a solvent

there is a sweetener there is a preservative and so on

well By understanding this decomposition we

can solve

one by one or choose one by one

from the smallest component of

each

main component of this preparation so that

we can make a product in the end

for example

we can connect this problem with for example the process

of making a drug preparation or product

so we break it down into

small components then choose one by one from the

small components not in

the end we can combine and

form a high quality drug preparation

the second is

pattern recognition or pattern recognition

this can help in solving a

problem by looking for a pattern of

certain rules of equations in a problem

well What is a pattern or pattern a

pattern is an object of a process or event

that can be named a

pattern is a set of measurements that

describe an object

What is The role of

the first pattern is the process of finding the

relationship of one pattern to

previous patterns and the second is learning to

distinguish patterns that are considered important

against their background.

The third is using the theory of

system algorithms that place or

group patterns in certain categories

as an example of

human perception.

Humans have been given the ability

to receive sensory stimuli from the

environment

and provide action to what

they observe, for example recognizing faces,

understanding spoken words, reading

handwriting, distinguishing fresh

or rotten food from its smell, and so on

will be clearer. Let's pay attention to the

following video.

Next is pattern recognition,

namely the process of

recognizing similarities or differences in

characteristics of various problems

or phenomena that are different but

have a relationship.

For example, here we can

see that there are three preparations or drug products.

Now, try to find the similarities between

these three preparations. Have you

been able to find the similarities?

Let's discuss

the similarities. These three preparations

are liquid preparations, we can see that the

oral preparations are for

oral use.

All three can be seen as syrup, yes, that

means they are used orally.

Then we can see that these three preparations

contain one active ingredient

each, namely Paracetamol,

there is a hexin HCl group, and there is loratadine there.

There are still similarities between these three preparations,

try Before I give the answer,

try to find 3 other similarities of

this preparation.

Okay, so the similarity is that

all of them definitely contain additional ingredients,

for example, solvents

or preservatives in this case.

Then the second preparation is used

repeatedly or multiple doses so not

once. We can see that generally

this oral preparation is a

multiple dose preparation, for example, for

several days of use

and the last one, if you can look

more closely or more carefully,

you can see that the net or volume of

these three products is 60 ml.

The third is

abstraction or attraction

abstraction. Focus on important information

only and ignore

other irrelevant information.

At this stage, what needs to be done

is to generalize and

identify

general principles that produce

trend patterns and regularities. This is

very important because usually

by looking at general characteristics it will be

possible to create a model for

solving the problem.

In other words, this attraction is to

simplify a complex problem

by focusing on important general information

and ignoring information

that is not relevant to the solution.

This abstraction method is a method

in which we generate and

identify general principles

that produce trend patterns and

regularities. For example, we can

group a problem into

a certain pattern like we

group files in

Windows Explorer. so here

there are types of files in one group

for example there are PDF files then

image files or maybe audio files and

video files are grouped according to their

type

in abstraction the focus is mainly on the

general characteristics that exist in each

element not specific details for example earlier

we arranged files based on

their data type

Is it an audio format

text format

video format and so on

we do not focus on

file a contains audio what file contains

video what

or file C contains text about what

but we focus on the type of file

so the attraction that we do

in this example is grouping the

same case based on its data type

to make it clearer we pay attention to the following video

next is abstraction

abstraction is eliminating

parts of a problem

that are not important to get a

general solution in solving a similar problem

muscle followed by generalization

Now let's see an example of abstraction

from this syrup preparation is an example of a

syrup preparation product that we have

discussed in the decomposition section and also

pattern recognition now Let's look at it

from an abstraction point of view

when we look further then

this syrup preparation turns out to contain

active ingredients additional ingredients and solvents

Well to be able to make a syrup sedan we

can eliminate other parts that are

not or not yet relevant namely

eliminating additional ingredients and solvents

so that we can focusing on the

active ingredient first,

it turns out that the syrup preparation has an

active ingredient of Paracetamol which

has a bitter taste and is also difficult to dissolve

in water

by looking at the satta Mall only

then we can decide

what steps we should take to be

able to make this syrup preparation

so first look at the main thing What is the

main problem from there

we can

find a solution

to the problem or issue

we are facing

Well the next example is

information abstraction, for example, the

information that appears on a

printed map Usually see Google Maps, yes,

without us realizing it, Google Maps

has done abstraction so that

the information is clearer and more relevant

to us, for example,

the abstraction of the ITB level map shows the

name of

the building, for example,

when the map level is raised to

Bandung level, it shows the name of the street,

there are several names of important places or monuments

there,

but when we raise the level

again to the map of West Java, then what is

seen is the name of the city Just imagine

if there is a street name, it would be dizzy,

right? When someone

sees a map of West Java, of course

what he sees is not the name of the street, yes, he

wants to see the location of the city, that means

other information besides the city

is removed with the aim of

focusing

on what we want to see

like that, for example,

then the next is an example of

abstraction which is continued with

generalization so it is known there is a name

turtlegraphic YouTube procedure

for drawing arbitrary Vector two-

dimensional graphics that are generalized

using a turtle robot so we

can give instructions well

this turtle has a position attribute direction and

pen the difference can be another attribute on

off and also has a color attribute and

also width or thickness yes Well

this turtle robot can receive 3

simple commands that are forward turn or turn

and change the Pen attribute here for example

when we give the instruction pen

down then forward 30 turn minus one

hundred the Gree for what 30 and followed

by John 1 country we can

generalize this star this star shape

turns out after seeing after

we abstract this star shape is

just a repetition of the

triangles we can make by only

using 4 instructions that are

repeated so that they form

larger shapes well this starter graphic is

usually used to learn

programming because here we can

give instructions continuously then

repeat and so on well this

can also be made for other patterns this is

basically a repetition too yes

colorful geometry like this

here of course involves

other attributes such as changing the color of the pen

used

next is another example of

abstraction followed by

generalization, namely the recognition of

smiling faces or smile detection. You

may now be familiar with

some cameras that when we smile,

the shutter will automatically turn on.

This is used. This uses

smile detection technology.

Well, it turns out that

smile detection works in two

steps or two stages. The first is

to transform a photo of a face into a

simple smile. So there are

two points and one line that

indicate the position of the eyes and mouth.

Next, detection is carried out. Is the

face smiling or

not by matching the image from the

first stage so the points and lines are

against the red line and the green dot

as seen in the image on the

right, that is the reference. The

face will be detected

as smiling if and only if the

first image touches all the green dots

and none touch the red line.

It turns out that with just two rules like

that, we can generalize

whether a face can smile

or be considered smiling or not.

Now, try to work on it or try to

determine which images from the results of

stage 1 will be considered or

detected as a smiling face.

The answer is from the next substance, but try to

work on your own first.

Okay, let's discuss which images are

detected.

Okay, when we overlay, the result

is as follows: the

image with the letter x or the x mark

is qualified as a

smiling face, namely the

green dot

coincides with the point from the results of stage 1

and does not there is a line

or point that touches the red line

can be seen only the image that meets the

two conditions is considered or

detected as a smiling face from

here what we can conclude is

first there is an abstraction process that is it

turns out that a complex face

to determine whether it is smiling

or not is only enough to see from the

position of the eyes and the shape of the mouth

from there can do generalization

based on the limits of the red line and the

green point that is set

this is one example of how

we can do

generalization and pattern recognition but

also with abstraction

so a combination of three elements of

competitive thinking

and the principle of

computer sandal thinking the last

is the

algorithm algorithm or algorithm that

determines step by step solutions

to overcome problems or procedures that

must be done to solve

the problem

well

this algorithm alone we have

done this technique even though we do not

know

the concepts of algorithms for example

when we make coffee where to

make

this coffee we must know must understand what

ingredients are used to make

coffee then

what steps do we

do to make a coffee Well

those steps are

called algorithms

so

algorithms are steps or

procedures that must be done to

solve a problem the discussion

in the algorithm there are 3 aspects first the

problem itself namely the problem

to be solved

then enter

namely

the details of the problem The

third pattern identification output

is a solution to solve the problem

so that from this aspect a

good algorithm has the following characteristics,

the first is correct, meaning the

resulting solution can

solve the problem, the second is efficient,

meaning the resulting solution is

appropriate according to the existing problem,

which means it is easy

to implement, yes, this

resulting solution can be used

realistically and easily, it

will be clearer if we pay attention to the following video, the

last element or pillar of

computational thinking is algorithmic

thinking, I will give a little

introduction, we will deepen

this algorithmic thinking in the meetings

in the following weeks

or the result of this algorithmic thinking

is a set of systematic procedures

for solving a problem or

sub-problem,

this is different from the logarithm

in mathematics, it is very different,

well, this algorithm can involve

sequences, namely executing steps

sequentially, so step 1 then second,

third, and so on, it can also

involve conditional choices or

branching steps, for example, if it is

then go to step a, if not then

go to step B, that's

conditional,

and the last one can involve

repetition, so repeating steps

because of a certain condition, usually

this is conditional and repetition

is a combination,

I will give an example of how the

algorithm

of a procedure or process to

make or develop liquid preparations

or syrup preparations The

first stage is preformulation.

Well, we have previously discussed

abstraction, yes, it turns out that we have to... It is

necessary to see the active substance or

active ingredient first because that is the key

or center of our problem, for

example, paracetamol, we

have to know the dosage, it turns out there is a

problem, it tastes bitter and is difficult to

dissolve in water, while water is a

common or main solvent

used or chosen for syrup preparations, the

sequence or next step

is to formulate, namely

determining or choosing what ingredients

we will use that

we will need to make

Paracetamol syrup preparations, in this case there are

additional ingredients, for example sweeteners

because it was bitter, then the solvent

must be right, whether it is water or maybe a

mixture of water and ethanol or

maybe using glycerin and

so on, the packaging is also the same, we have to

determine what packaging we use,

what volume, of course,

depends on how much we will make, the

next product is after knowing the

ingredients, we make it, we make it,

we continue to evaluate whether it turns out

the taste is acceptable or not,

then it will be durable or stable or

not, the preparation is soluble or not, and

so on,

if it meets the requirements or meets the

quality, then we can get the

product, so that's the product. Solved

our problem

is an example of algorithmic thinking with

sequential steps, so

sequential steps, but I will introduce the

steps another here If it turns out that the

production or evaluation results do not meet

the requirements or the quality is not as

desired then there is a repetition

here so there is a conditional that

causes the repetition to return to the

previous step we do

continuous reformulation of production

again evaluation again until finally

found the

formula or result of the product that is

the most or the highest quality

or meets the requirements that we want

like that this is an example of

the use of algorithmic thinking in the

process of developing this Syrup preparation of

course Simplify in

reality it is not as simple as this

algorithm

example of computational application

is decomposition where in this stage

we think to be able to break down

process data or Complex problems into

smaller parts or

into tasks that are easy to manage

for example

breaking down the component structure

to form brownies into flour

then eggs sugar butter chocolate milk cheese

baking powder water

for example breaking down the basic process of making

brownies into preparing

ingredients mixing dough

developing dough or emulsion cooking baking

mask or makeup packing or

packaging

the next is

pattern recognition

this is the ability to

see similarities or even differences in

patterns trends and regularities

in data which will later be used

in making predictions and presenting

data for example recognizing patterns and the process of

making one box of brownies

starting from the preparation stage to

packing takes 60 minutes

using one oven unit

So 60 minutes = 1 box or 1 hour = 1 box The

third step is abstraction, which is

to generalize and

identify

general principles

that produce trend patterns and

regularities, for example by

looking at and identifying

general brownie making patterns,

if in one hour

with 1 oven or grill unit it

takes one brownie, then it takes 100

hours to produce 100 boxes of brownies.

Of course this is not

effective and efficient

because the process of making brownies

is a repetitive process, so we

can generalize that

this process does not have to wait for all

processes to be completed and then start from the beginning.

In other words, when the brownie cake has

entered the oven, we can do the process

of making the dough again without having to

wait until all the processes

are carried out. Thus, 60 minutes can

produce more than 3 boxes

or 1 hour more than 3 boxes so that

to produce 1 box with one

oven it takes 33 hours. The

next question is what if we provide

two ovens, then the answer is we only

need

16.5 hours to produce 100 boxes of

brownies.

Then the algorithm stage is to

develop instructions for solving the

same problem step by step. Step by step step

by step

so that other people can use

these steps or information to

solve the same problem. For example,

the steps and stages of making brownies

that are most effective and efficient according

to the previous pattern and abstraction

until the packing stage are sorted

completely, measured and creative.

Well, that's the discussion of Budi's

decision material this time. Thank you for

your attention. Assalamualaikum

warahmatullahi wabarakatuh