Sel (Struktur dan fungsi sel) - Biologi kelas 11 SMA

Hello, my children, Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Meet again with Kak Hera on the channel Biologi Asik. On this occasion, I will discuss about the 11th class material, namely the cell material. But before we get into the material of the discussion, for children who haven't subscribed, don't forget to subscribe first.

The material that we will discuss in this material is the first one is the discovery and theory of cells, the second one is the kinds of cells, the third one is the structure and function of cells, and the last one is the difference between animal cells and plant cells. We enter the first material, namely the discovery of cells and also the theory of cells.

Cell was first discovered by an English scientist named Robert Hooke. Robert Hooke observed the cell for the first time from a dry grass plant. So when observing the grass plant, Robert Hooke saw small spaces that were then called cells. The second is Robert Brown. Robert Brown is a scientist who found

the core of the cell or nucleus and also investigate the presence of a flow of cytoplasm in the cell which is then given the name Brown's motion or according to the name

Third, there is Rodolphe Virchow. Rodolphe Virchow made the cell theory that says that the cell is derived from the previous cells. In Latin, it means omniscellular, etcellular. Fourth, there is Max Schultz. Max Schultz said that the cell is a functional union.

The fifth is Theodore Swan and Mathias Sladen or maybe better known as Sladen and Swan. These two figures represent the theory of cells, namely that cells are structural units. So the basic unit that organizes the life of a living being is a cell. That's why it's called a cell, it's a structural unit that organizes living beings.

we go to the second material, namely various cells based on the presence of the core membrane, the cell is grouped into two, namely the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the first one, if the prokaryotic is a cell that does not have a core membrane, then the example is in bacteria or in the kingdom of monera

while eukaryotic is a cell that has a core membrane, then the example is the animal cell and the growth cell or actually if the kingdom from protista to animalia is all eukaryotic if the kingdom is red, so the blue algae bacteria is only included in prokaryotic

This is the structure of the prokaryotic cell represented by bacteria The first structure is a capsule then there is a wall of the cell then it has a membrane cell also has ribosomes

and there is no membrane because there is no membrane so the genetic material is spread and called as a nucleoid or the core area, this is the core area then there is also mesosome, so this mesosome is a replacement for mitochondria to provide energy to some bacteria later some are complete with fili and there is also flagella so not all bacteria have it so if we pay attention there are

organelles owned by eukaryotes that are not owned by prokaryotes what are they? so organelles that are not owned by prokaryotes first, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus actually it doesn't have one but because the nucleus is not membrane so the genetic material is spread and called as nucleolite or nucleoid

The second is mitochondria, which can be replaced by mesosomes The third one does not have reticulum endoplasma The fourth one does not have plastida The fifth one does not have the body of golgi, which is lima organelle that is not owned by prokaryotic cells

Yes, so don't forget to remember how fast the wound is married, the refoldo must be crazy. So the first wound is the nucleus, the marriage is the mitochondria, the refoldo is the reticulum endoplasma, it must be the plastida, and the last one can be crazy, which means the body is gulgi.

Let's go to the third material, which is to discuss the structure and function of cells. The first is the membrane cell or plasma membrane. The membrane cell has a main component called lipoprotein. Why? Because the main component is lipos from the word lipid and also protein. The lipid is yellow like a firework. If we enlarge it like this, the lipid is bound to phosphate, so it is called phospholipid. So the head is yellow.

the yellow is phosphate while the tail is lipid if we pay attention the head is always outside why because of its nature hydrophilic or like water so remember hydrophilic like water while the tail is always inside or hydrophobic or not like water because the phospholipid has two layers so it is called phospholipid

So the first structure of the membrane cell is phospholipid in the layer. The second main component is protein. There are two proteins, one is called an integral protein. Integral protein is a protein that is planted in phospholipid.

the second is a peripheral protein or extrinsic protein which is a protein that is attached to the membrane so it's on the surface so if it's in the lipid it's called an integral protein while the one on the surface is called a peripheral or extrinsic protein the third component is glucose there are two glucoses some stick to the protein this is a protein component

then this is glucose, so the glucose that sticks to the protein is called glycoprotein and the second one is the glucose that sticks to the lipid, this green one, so this green one is glucose, the bottom is lipid, right? the glucose that sticks to the lipid is called glycolipid

The function of the membrane cell is to control the entry and exit of the substance. The membrane cell is the place for the entry and exit of the substance. The substance will also exit through the membrane cell and enter through the membrane cell. The membrane cell is selective permeable or semi-permeable because it can only be passed through a certain ion molecule or substance.

The second function is as a protector, because the membrane cell is the outermost, so it functions as a cell protector. The third function is for the receptor or receiver.

The second is the nucleus or cell cell This is the structure of the nucleus, so you can see that the outermost part of the nucleus is the cell cell or called the karyoteca So the outermost part is the core membrane, so there are two layers of membrane, the outer membrane and the inner membrane Later on, there will be a nucleus pori-pori in this membrane

then in the core there is also liquid so in the cell there is liquid called cytoplasm in the core there is also liquid called nucleoplasma so later in the ball there is liquid called nucleoplasma later in the nucleoplasma there are veins, you can see the fine veins which are called chromatin so chromatin is a chromosome before it thickens or when it is still a vein

then the small circle in the core cell is

nucleus or child of the cell so remember the structure there is a cell membrane then there are cell pores, cell cells, nucleoplasma or cell cells and there are chromatin or veins later in this chromatin there is genetic matter in the form of DNA the function of the nucleus itself first means to regulate protein synthesis because protein synthesis can also occur in the nucleus secondly to regulate body metabolism

third, for the place to store genetic information because earlier in the chromatin or chromosome there is DNA and the fourth for the place to replicate DNA to alternate DNA while the nucleus, the core, functions to synthesize various RNA molecules so to form ribosomes, RNA is needed and formed in the nucleus the second is to form ribosomes and involved in the protein synthesis process

The third is protoplasma. Protoplasma consists of the first one, which is cytoplasm. So cytoplasm is the liquid that is located inside the cell and outside the cell's core. So later the liquid that is located between the membrane and the core is called cytoplasm. While nucleoplasm is

the liquid that is in the cell's core. Now, cytoplasm and nucleoplasm form what we call protoplasm. Now, for cytoplasm itself, its function is the first is the place of organelle and cytoskeleton. So, organelle-organelle cell is the place

in the cytoplasm then the second place where chemical reactions or metabolism occur then the third place for the movement of the organelle because the organelle was in the cytoplasm and the fourth place to store organic molecules

The fourth is reticulum endoplasma. RE or reticulum endoplasma is divided into two, there is a rough RE and a smooth RE. What is the difference? The rough RE is the RE that is attached by ribosomes. So if this is an inti cell, the rough RE is attached to the inti cell, so to the membrane of the inti cell and attached by ribosomes.

like this ribosome, so if there is ribosome, it is rough RE while the smooth RE is not attached to the ribosome because the structure is different, so the function is different for the rough RE, the function is to form phospholipid membrane and also for the synthesis of protein secretory protein secretory itself is for example glycoprotein or insulin hormone formed in the pancreas

The second is the halus RE or RE that is not attached to ribosomes. The function of halus RE is to synthesize fat or lipids, detoxify and also for carbohydrate metabolism.

The fifth is ribosome. Ribosome is also divided into two, some are called free ribosome, which is the ribosome found in the cytoplasm or cytosol, and the bound ribosome, which is the ribosome found in the reticulum of the plasma. The function is actually the same for protein synthesis. Free ribosome is the protein synthesis in the cytosol, so for the needs in the cytosol,

while ribosome tricat is function for protein synthesis to be inserted into the membrane of the cell then for protein secretion and wrapping certain organelle membranes the sixth is the golgi body or golgi apparatus or also known as dictiosome in growth cells so the golgi body in the growth cell is called dictiosome

The structure of the Golgi itself consists of a pile of epidermal cells like this, which is called the cistern. Later in this Golgi there is also a membrane called the Golgi cis and the Trans Golgi. This cis is the part that receives the vesicle, while the trans comes out of the trans. So there is cis, there is trans.

My body function is first to secrete cells or to form vesicles

the second is to form an acrosome, so what is an acrosome? an acrosome is an enzyme found in the head of the sperm that functions to destroy the wall of the ovum so the fertilization process can happen thanks to the presence of an acrosome in the head of the sperm

The third function of Golgi is for the formation of cell membranes and also for the formation of cell walls in the cell growth. The seventh is Lysosome. Lysosome is an organelle with a single membrane. And in this lysosome there is a hydrolytic enzyme. So inside it there is a hydrolytic enzyme that functions to digest macromolecules. So the function of the first lysosome is for the digestion of intracell.

The second one also plays a role in the phagocytosis process by digesting and also digesting small particles. Then the third one is for autolysis. Autolysis is the destruction of cells, for example, in the mechanism of the disappearance of frog tails. So in frog metamorphosis, it's from a brood to a frog with a frog tail. Then the frog with a frog tail becomes a adult frog without a frog tail. So the disappearance of frog tails is through the autolysis process. So later the lysosome will

will release all the lysosomes, so all the enzymes are released to destroy the cell. So in the long run, the cell or tail can disappear. The fourth is autophagy or the removal of structures that are not desired. For example, there is a damaged organelle cell, then the organelle will be destroyed by the lysosomes through the autophagy mechanism. So it will fuse first like this, then it will be destroyed or crushed.

the eighth is mitochondria, which is an organelle consisting of a double membrane, as you can see here, the membrane is double, this is the outer membrane, then there is the inner membrane, later in the inner membrane there is liquid called a matrix, then the inner membrane will experience what is called a crystal

Mitochondria also has its own organelles, which is ribosomes, and in the mitochondria there is also DNA itself. The function of mitochondria is to breathe cells or to provide energy.

Next, the ninth is Plastida. Plastida is divided into three. The first is chloroplast, which is a plastida that contains chlorophyll. The second is chromoplast, which is a plastida that contains pigments other than chlorophyll. So the pigments can be vicorytrin, can be santophyll, can be carotene, and so on. Basically, other than chlorophyll. So this chromoplast has a lot of

in cooked fruits, that's why the ripe fruit is not green, even though when it was still young it was green, or in flowers, so in flowers it can be colorful because it contains chromoplasts. The third is a non-pigmented plastida, which is called leucoplast. Leucoplasts are divided into three, there are amyloplasts, proteoplasts, and elaioplasts. Amyloplasts function to store amylomes, proteoplasts to store

while oleoplasts store oil or fat

this is a picture or structure of chloroplasts, so chloroplasts have a structure similar to mitochondria, which consists of two membranes, namely the outer membrane and the inner membrane, already have ribosomes themselves, so the dots are ribosomes, so there is no writing, so this is ribosomes, then this is DNA, there is also chloroplasts that already have their own DNA, in chloroplasts, there will be

a pipi bag called thylakoid. Now, the thylakoid group is called granum. So, if one piece

just a bunch of it, so just remember it's like a burger, so if it's just a bunch of it, just a pile of it, just above it, it's called a thylakoid. But if it's a full burger, it's called a granum. Now, the collection of granum granum, there are many granum, right? It's called grana. Then there is what is called stroma, so stroma is liquid found in chloroplasts. So if there is a matrix in the mitochondria, there is stroma in the chloroplasts.

The tenth is peroxisome. Peroxisome is a round-shaped organelle and inside it there are crystal particles. So this is a crystalline core, crystal particles and surrounded by a single membrane. So peroxisome is a single membrane.

This peroxisome is found in animal cells and also in plant cells. Its function is to produce catalase and oxidase enzymes. Catalase is an enzyme produced in the heart cell that functions to

to break down the hydrogen peroxide from the side of the breath into water and oxygen so this H2O2 or hydrogen peroxide is poisonous then in the heart will be changed to H2O and oxygen so as not to be poisonous the second can also break down fat and the third can also neutralize alcohol poisoning

Next, there is Glioxysome. Glioxysome is a type of peroxisome found in the fat of plant seeds. The function of Glioxysome is to change the fatty acid, for example lipids, which are found in seeds, into glucose. So later, if there is already glucose or already becomes glucose, the seed can do the respiration process and generate energy, so that the plant can grow.

Next, there are centrosomes and centrioles. Centrosomes are organelles where microtubules grow near the nucleus. In this centrosome, there is a pair of centrioles. So in the centrosome there are two centrioles. So for centrosomes, animals and plants have.

but in the growth cell the centrosome does not have centrioles so the growth does not have centrioles but if the centrosome actually has the function of the centrioles is for cell division so it functions to form spindle threads when cell division the thirteenth is the vacuola so the central vacuola or vacuola is the largest organelle in the growth cell so almost 80% of the growth cell is filled with vacuola

The vacuola is protected by a membrane called tonoplast. The function is to store pigments, such as leaf pigments, fruits, or flowers, to store poisonous or unpleasant smell, so it can be a protector for

from herbivores, so if for example the plant produces a bad smell, then it will make the plant avoid the predator because later the herbivore or the predator will not want to eat the plant because of the smell. The third is to absorb water, the fourth is to eliminate metabolism and the fifth can also store gas and organic substances.

The 14th is cytoskeleton or cell cell. So just remember that the "cyto" is from the cell, "skeleton" means cell cell. So cytoskeleton is a cell cell. So it's like we're just a body with a skeleton. In the cell, there is also the name cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton consists of three, namely microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. The first is the microtubules. So the microtubules function to give the shape of the cell.

organelle movement and the third for the separation of chromosomes towards the opposite nucleus the second is microfilament, this one, so microfilament functions for muscle contraction then forms the division and motility of the cell for cell movement

The last one is the intermediate filament, which is used to maintain the shape of the cell, the location of the nucleus and the stability of the organelle position. So it keeps the position of the organelle so that it doesn't change. The 15th is the cell wall, so this is the structure of the cell that is found in the cell growth. The structure is like this, so this is the primary wall.

or the main wall, then this is the middle lamella, the connection between the primary wall and the secondary wall. The function of the cell wall itself is to maintain the shape of the cell, protect the cell and prevent excess water absorption. This is an image of the eye plasmodes. So actually the cell has a scar, so on the cell wall there is a

or a non-thick wall so there will be a gap or hole that functions to connect the intercell so this is the intercell connection called plasmodesma

The last material we will discuss is the difference between animal cells and growth cells So for animal cells, the first one is usually round The first organelle is the core cell This is the core cell, then there is reticulum, endoplasma or RE, mitochondria, cytoplasm, Golgi body, paroxysm, centrosome and centriole

lysosome, ribosome, and membrane cell while the growth cell is usually more stable so the shape is like a box the first organelle has the core cell then RE, Golgi, chloroplast, vacuola, mitochondria, membrane cell, cell wall, cytoplasm, amyloplast, ribosome, peroxisome

So it looks like there are several different organelles. This is in the form of a table, so the difference can be clearly seen. So for animal cells, they do not have vacuoles, cell walls, gliocysomes, and plastids. But vacuoles, cell walls, gliocysomes, and plastids are only owned by plant cells. On the contrary, animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles, while plant cells do not have lysosomes and centrioles.

so that you don't forget, remember this, the bridge of the flood, so if the plant has four cells, so just remember

The fastest way is to use plastic glass. So the cell has vacuoles, wall cells, gliocysomes, and plastidates, but it doesn't have lysosomes and centrioles. The animal cell has the opposite, it doesn't have vacuoles, wall cells, gliocysomes, and plastidates, but it has lysosomes and centrioles. So remember this, the animal cell has the opposite.

Okay, that was the video about the discussion about the cell. Hopefully you understand more after watching this video. And don't forget to keep liking, commenting, and subscribing so that I can be more excited to make more videos. See you again in the next video. Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.