Geografi Kelas 12: Konsep dan Prinsip Pembangunan Wilayah, Pembangunan dan Pertumbuhan Wilayah

Maybe you have wondered where the term Jabodetabek comes from. Jabodetabek is a abbreviation for Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. The term Jabodetabek is related to the development and growth of the region. So what does it mean by the development and growth of the region?

Let's take a look at the following explanation. In the previous lesson, we have learned about the concept of development. Development means the process of making a change that is done consciously and planned. In this lesson, the development discussed is more focused on the development of the region. The concept of regional development

Local development is a human action in trying to balance and balance development between the area according to its natural potential as well as using the potential efficiently, properly and safely. Local development has three important elements, namely development changes, development goals, and development potential.

First, development change. Development change is an important element in development to change the condition of a region from the previous condition to a better condition. For example, the people of Sulawesi need to increase prosperity through development and infrastructure development. Second, development goals.

Development goals are important elements in development to give guidance on how to change the condition of a region to be better by paying attention to aspects of the community life. The most common goal of development is to improve the quality of humans, the environment and other elements in a region.

For example, food sovereignty on the island of Sulawesi was realized through strategic goals, one of which is to increase irrigation services and increase the integration of the management of natural resources. Third, development potential.

Development potential is an important element in development to know the capital of a region in order to make the change in the region's condition better. Development potential in a region can be known by looking at the capital as a condition of human resources and natural resources.

For example, efforts to establish a food sovereignty on the island of Sulawesi are done by utilizing the potential of local food, namely sago. Forms of Regional Development A regional development can be done in the form of physical development and non-physical development.

Physical development is development done with the effort to improve and add physical elements to a region. Examples are: road extension, damaged road repair, or general facility expansion.

Non-physical development is development that is more focused on changing the patterns of thought, behavior, culture, and institutional patterns in society that precede human resources. Examples are the effort to improve the level of education of the population, to improve the quality of social intelligence,

and vaccine delivery to maintain the health of the community from the virus. The development of this region is done to balance the conditions between regions, so that the unadvanced regions can chase their legacy from the advanced regions. The concept of regional growth

The growth of an area is the physical and social condition of an area that is considered to have progress, improvement, or additional resources and resources compared to previous times. There are several components to the growth of an area, one of which is the growth center.

The center of growth is a region that develops rapidly and is able to influence the surrounding area. For example, Jakarta is a region that develops rapidly because of its function as the capital of the country. This region has also been a trading city since the colonial era.

so that various public and economic facilities have been formed. The existence of Jakarta's DKI affects the surrounding areas such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. Therefore, Jakarta can be called a growing center. Factors that determine the quality of a growing center Not all areas can be called a growing center.

A region must have several determining factors that make it suitable for a growing center. There are four determining factors for a region to be suitable for a growing center, namely natural resources, human resources, topography, and support facilities. First, natural resources.

Natural resources are the determining factors for the growth center based on the availability of natural resources owned by a region. For example, land resources and water resources. Excessive natural resources can be used as industrial fuel or development support materials.

so it becomes one of the factors that push the development of a region as a growing center. For example, the Riau Province, which is a growing center, because it has a rich natural resource of oil. This is supported by the establishment of the Indonesian Development Area System, which makes this area a development area.

which includes the Riau and West Sumatra regions, which are centered in the city of Pekanbaru. Second, the human resource factor. The human resource is the factor that determines the center of growth based on the condition of the human resource that is owned by a region, both from the quantity factor and its quality.

In terms of quantity, regional growth requires a lot of human energy. Thus, high-population areas are more likely to become a center of growth than low-population areas.

Meanwhile, in terms of quality, areas with good economic status, high education, and high health status are more likely to develop as a center of growth. In other words, human quality in a region determines the growth of the region.

For example, Jakarta becomes a growing center in the Jabodetabek region because in terms of quantity, Jakarta requires a lot of labor compared to Bogor, Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi.

In addition, Jakarta has better population quality, marked by the high Human Development Index or IPM. Third, Topography Factor. Topography is a factor that determines the growth center based on the condition of the shape of the earth's surface in a region.

Low-ground areas are potentially a center of growth compared to high-grounds. Low-ground land that tends to be flat makes it easier to access transportation networks compared to high-grounds that have a bumpy land.

For example, the topography of the area of ​​Jakarta and the city of Surabaya tends to be flat and located in low-ground areas. Such areas are easier to use in various needs, especially for transportation networks such as trains and sea ports. Fourth, the support facility factor.

Support facilities are the main factors that determine the growth center based on the availability of activities support facilities such as: road network, communication network, electricity network, health and education facilities. Support facilities are needed to ensure smooth activities in the area.

For example, Aceh has a variety of support facilities such as roads, health facilities, education facilities, worship facilities, and stadiums to meet the needs of its residents in carrying out daily activities.

The availability of various factors that push the formation of a growth center is also supported by various theories from experts who summarize the development of a region into a growth center. Theories about growth centers There are several theories about growth centers.

Among others, economic polarization theory, central place theory, and growth curve theory. First, economic polarization theory. The economy polarization theory is presented by Gunnar Myrdal, a sociologist and economist from Sweden.

The polarization theory states that in a region, there will be a form of economic growth polarization or economic growth prediction. The reason is the presence of a region that is considered a "cub" that is able to attract labor and capital or investors from other regions to enter and stay in its region.

An area that is a target of economic growth is called a core or center. While an area that is not a target of economic growth is called a periphery or border. Thus, there will be an interaction between the central and border areas that produce a good and bad impact.

Interaction that has a positive impact on the border area is called spread effect. Spread effect is the spread of development from the growing center to the surrounding area. Here are three examples of spread effects. The opening of the work area for residents living in the border area. For example, as a central area,

Jakarta provides employment for residents of the neighboring areas such as Bekasi. Increased income for residents in the neighboring areas who work or trade in the area of ​​growing center. For example, Bekasi residents who work in Jakarta get a salary and salary

In addition, the agricultural area in the Bekasi region produces food plants to meet the needs of the Bekasi and Jakarta people. Increasing technological and information exchange for the people in the neighboring area.

Interaction between citizens in the development center and citizens on the side who work in the development center also makes the technology and information spread to the side areas. For example, smart phones were used more by Jakarta citizens.

Next, the interaction between the people of Bekasi and Jakarta, made the people of Bekasi also start using smart phones. Ideally, the existence of a growing center is expected to cause a trickle-down effect or a positive development impact from the growing center spreading to the surrounding areas.

Trickle-down effect is the automatic balance of prosperity that occurs after a high economic growth. However, this ideal condition does not always happen. Sometimes, interaction between central and coastal areas has a bad impact on coastal areas. This condition is called backwash effect.

Backwash effect is the flow of population, capital, goods or services from the growing center to the border area and the other way around. But it is more likely to benefit the growing center area as well as suppress economic activity in the border area. Here are some examples of backwash effects.

The lack of productive labor in the neighboring area is due to the fact that productive elderly people in the neighboring area tend to work in the central area. For example, the lack of number of residents in Bekasi Province is due to the many Bekasi residents who work and live in Jakarta.

Less investment in the border area because the central area is more attractive than the border area. This is because the central area has more human resources, topographic conditions and support facilities than the border area.

For example, Jakarta has a sea, air and land transportation route that facilitates economic activities As a result, Jakarta attracts investors to invest their capital there, compared to other areas on the coast

The tax income in the border area decreased because its citizens chose to migrate to the central area. Thus, the regional taxes obtained in the central area are higher and regional taxes in the border area are reduced.

An example of a local tax is a motor vehicle tax, hotel and restaurant tax, as well as entertainment and entertainment tax. For example, the decrease in entertainment and entertainment tax in the Bekasi Province is due to the many Bekasi residents who work and use entertainment and entertainment facilities in Jakarta.

As a result, the entertainment and entertainment budget will also flow to Jakarta. Second, the central place theory. The central place theory was proposed by Walter Christoller, a geographer from Germany.

The central place theory states that the center of activity must be located in an area that allows the population to get the services needed. A region can only be called a central place if it has reached a minimum threshold population or threshold population. There are two concepts in the central place theory.

namely range and population threshold. Range is the maximum distance that the population must cover to get certain services or get the goods and services it needs.

For example, Amin who lives in city A needs a service in the form of health services in a hospital, but he has to travel about 10 kilometers from where he lives. This 10-kilometer distance is called range. The concept of population threshold or population threshold

Population threshold is the minimum number of people needed to ensure smooth and sustainable supply of goods and services or services. The shop or business location requires a sufficient number of prospective consumers so that their business can run continuously.

For example, when the Bogor city government wants to build a hospital, at least 10,000 people are needed around the location of the hospital as patient candidates. The minimum number of residents of 10,000 people is what is called the population limit.

Some goods and services have a high limit because they have high risk of loss due to lack of fans Therefore, these goods and services require a high minimum number of residents The price of these goods and services is quite high and the quality of the goods lasts long so that it does not require daily purchase

For example, luxury cars require a high minimum population and a wide service area or high order or reach its minimum limit. Meanwhile, low-risk goods and services because many of its fans are considered to have a low limit.

This type of goods and services require a minimum minimum population. Generally, the price of this type of goods is low and the quality of the goods is not durable, so daily purchases are required. For example rice. In rice sales, the service area is usually lower or low order.

Central places combine the concept of affordability and population limit to choose a location of the center of activity or central place. This location is expected to be able to meet the needs of goods and services of the population, while ensuring that it meets the consumer targets for goods and services.

Initially, the area is described as a circle with a point in the middle as the central place. Next, the emergence of other activity centers makes the area large. The largest part is cut, so that the shape of the circle changes to hexagonal or hexagonal. Types of Central Places

The location of the center of activity or central place can be distinguished into three types, namely: K = 3, K = 4, and K = 7. K = 3 is the center of activity or central place that uses the market principle.

In this hierarchy, the central place becomes the market service center that provides goods or services to the area around it. The activity center or central place that uses market principles will affect its own region and a third of its neighbor's region.

This principle considers the market to serve one third of the cities around it and is called the optimum market principle. There are seven hexagonals as the center of activity for the area around it, consisting of one central hexagon and six hexagonal surrounding the central hexagonal side.

Thus, the formula for the K = 3 hierarchy is obtained from the following calculation. The value of the K hierarchy from the market is the area center, namely 1 hexagonal, plus the result of times 1/3 with 6 hexagonal, which is around the central hexagonal. The result is K = 3.

Number 3 shows that the market is able to serve 3 hexagonal, which consist of 1 hexagonal central place and 2 hexagonal around it. Thus, the central place uses the market principle of k = 3, the hierarchy of k = 4.

K-hierarchy is a central center or place that uses transportation principles. This hierarchy minimizes the distance between the surrounding area and the central place as well as gives the possibility of the most efficient route to the surrounding area.

The center of activity or central place that uses the principle of transportation will affect its own area and half of its neighbor's area. This principle considers transportation to serve half of the cities around it and is called the optimum transportation principle.

there are 7 hexagonal to describe the relationship between the central place and the area around it. This area consists of 1 central hexagon and 6 hexagonal around it. Thus, the hierarchy formula K = 4 is obtained from the following calculation:

The value of the K-hierarchy of transportation is the area center, namely 1 hexagonal, plus the result of the multiplication of 1/2 with 6 hexagonal, which is around the central hexagonal. The result is K = 4. This number 4 shows that transportation is able to serve 4 hexagonal, which consist of 1 hexagonal central place,

and 3 hexagonal around it. Thus, the central place uses the transportation principle of K = 4. K = 7 hierarchy. K = 7 hierarchy is the center of activity or central place that uses administrative principles.

The center of activity or central place that uses administrative principles will affect its own region and parts of its neighboring region. This principle considers administrative services to serve one by one with the cities around it and is called the Optimum Administrative Principle.

The relationship between the central place and the area around it is described as 7 hexagonal. These 7 hexagonal consist of 1 central hexagon and 6 hexagonal surrounding it. Thus, the hierarchy formula K = 7 is obtained from the following calculation:

The value of the K-hierarchy from the administrative is the area center, namely 1 hexagonal plus the result of times 1 with 6 hexagonal which is around the central hexagon, so it produces K = 7.

Number 7 shows that the administrative service is able to serve 7 hexagonal, which consist of 1 hexagonal central place and 6 hexagonal around it. Thus, the central place uses an administrative principle of the value of k = 7. Third, the theory of growth pulse theory.

The theory of growth curve or growth pulse theory is presented by Perrault, an economist from France. The theory of growth curve states that the growth condition of an area does not occur directly, but partially. First of all, there is one location that develops as the starting point of growth.

This location is called a growing center or growing hill. Next, the growth in this hill will push growth in the surrounding area. Some of the effects of a growing center, both towards the growing hill and towards the surrounding area, are as follows: The impact on human resources.

The existence of growth poles causes the existence of human resource activities with various activities in the field of industry and services. Thus, the opportunity to work is wide open and attracts the interest of the surrounding population. This results in a high number of human resources in the center of growth and a decrease in the number of inhabitants around the area of ​​growth.

For example, the high demand for labor in Jakarta, makes residents around Jakarta's DKI wander around looking for a living in Jakarta. Influence on Economic Development The existence of growth poles causes massive economic development, which then spreads to the surrounding areas.

This development is caused by the presence of goods and people that enter and leave between the areas of growth and areas around it through transportation routes. For example, the economy of Bogor and Bekasi areas is growing because of its location which has a connecting and close route with Jakarta as a center of growth. Influence on Social Change

The gathering of residents from various areas in the center of growth, causes several social and cultural impacts as follows: There is an acceleration of the flow of information and technology between regions. For example, the interaction of the people of Jakarta with the people of Bekasi, accelerate the flow of information and technology between residents in the two regions.

There is a change in the status of the population. For example, residents who come from farmers in the neighboring area can potentially become teachers, interviewers and accountants in the area of ​​the center of growth. There is a change in the attitude of the population towards time, money and lifestyle. For example, the consumer lifestyle in Jakarta is adopted by the people in the surrounding area.

In conclusion, regional development is the development effort that is carried out in the regions so that the conditions are balanced, one of which is to optimize the potential owned by each region. Regional development has three important elements of arrangement, namely the change of development, the purpose of development, and the potential of development.

The development of an area can be done in the form of physical development and non-physical development. The growth of an area is the physical and social condition of an area that is considered more developed than before.

The determining factors for the utilization of an area to be called a growing center are natural resources, human resources, topography and supporting facilities. Several theories about growing centers, including: economic polarization theory, central place theory, and growing crop theory.

The impact of the plant center, both on the plant trunk and on the surrounding area, can be seen from the aspect of the impact on human resources, the impact on economic development, and the impact on the change of social culture.