Bab 1 Kelas 12 Perjuangan Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan

Chapter 1 History Grade 12 Struggle to

maintain

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independence theme overview In this chapter

you will learn about the episodes of the

Indonesian people's struggle to

maintain their independence in the

period

1945 to

1950 this period began after

the proclamation of independence until the change

from the Republic of Indonesia Serikat Ris

to the unitary state of the Republic of

Indonesia

NK this chapter opens with a discussion of the

birth of the state

seb teri seb

perahan bes

sejaraheswaoliai perahan statusonesia

daron

atauahendud Menar

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yangahang diomas

danersen the consequences of the

Mother Table Conference as a closing the role of the people

in maintaining

Indonesian independence is discussed specifically

learning objectives After studying this chapter

you are expected to be able to use

historical sources to

critically analyze the dynamics of the Indonesian people's struggle

to maintain

their independence from the Dutch efforts to

reoccupy the colonial territory

after studying this chapter you

are expected to be able to reflect on the history of

the nation's struggle for life in the

present and the

future one the formation of the state and

government of the Republic of Indonesia two

turmoil in the early days of the revolution three

diplomacy and guerrilla struggles the

change from Ris to

NKRI l the role of the people in the

national revolution key questions one How was

the process of the formation of the state and

government of the Republic of Indonesia two

how conditions in Indonesia in the early days of the

revolution

three How were the dynamics of the struggle to

maintain

independence Who were the actors

involved in the event four

How was the process of the formation of the RIS until it

returned to the form of a unitary state of the

Republic of Indonesia l What was the role of the

people in the national revolution

keywords struggle national revolution

diplomacy conflict RI RIS role of the people

pay attention to the following concept map

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Have you ever participated in a competition

or carnival like the picture above the

proclamation of

Indonesian independence is always celebrated

lively in Indonesia but do

you know about the events that

occurred after 17

1945 what happened after

Indonesia became

independent

a the formation of the state and government of the

Republic of Indonesia

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did you know that the birth of the Republic of

Indonesia cannot be separated from the

global political conditions at that time

World War I which occurred from

1939 to

1945 had an impact on changes in the

world political order and structure this event

then gave birth to

new national states in several parts of the world

including Indonesia the emergence of

these new states also cannot be

separated from previous international events

namely the signing of the

Montevideo Convention on December 26,

1933 This convention regulates the rights and duties of

states as part of

international law according to this convention

a state must fulfill several

conditions in order to be accepted in

international political system that is must

have people have fathers

have governments and have

the ability to establish relations

with other countries This convention was then

registered in the League

of Nations triati

series on January 8,

1936 Do you know

what international agreements are often

used as a basis for

countries in Asia and Africa to

demand their independence after

the end of World War II

at least there are two

other international agreements that encouraged the

wave of decolonization or independence of

former colonial countries in the period

1945 to

1950s namely the Atlantic Charter and the Charter of the

United Nations The

Atlantic Charter was signed by the President of the

United States F.D. Roseveld and

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on

August 14,

1941 in this charter there are eight

statements that

were agreed upon one of which is

the recognition that all nations have the

right to determine their own destiny the

charter which was initially only signed

by two allied member countries

became increasingly important after the

Allies became the winners of World War II the

countries that were previously colonized

found the momentum to demand

independence

especially at that time some allied countries

were colonizers The Atlantic Charter became a

kind of boomerang for the

colonizing countries including English because the

colonized nations demanded

independence on the basis of recognition of the

right to determine their own destiny and have their

own government as

stated in the Atlantic Charter

other international agreements that

contributed to the birth of

New nations were the UN Charter

signed by 50 member states

in San Francisco on June 26,

1945 in the Charter mentioned

four main objectives of the UN one of which

includes respect for

the principles of equal rights and the right

to self-determination several

international agreements

ultimately influenced the struggle of the

Indonesian nation to maintain its

independence

but you also certainly still remember

that the struggle of the Indonesian nation to

achieve independence had been carried out

before the birth of various international conferences and

agreements

various international agreements

became a kind of foothold for the

Indonesian nation to maintain

independence and seek

international support because every nation

has the right to determine its

own destiny and have its own government

you have learned about the events of

the proclamation of Indonesian independence that

occurred after the end of World War

II but what happened after

this event did the Netherlands who had

previously colonized Indonesia

accept the declaration of

Indonesian independence How did the

newly independent Indonesia perfect

its government structure and fulfill

the requirements of the state as

stated in the Montevideo Convention

below we will discuss several

events in the early days of independence

especially related to the formation of the state and

Indonesian government August

1945 through a simple ceremony at Jalan

Pegangsaan Timur Number 56 at around

10 WIB Soekarno Hatta who

on behalf of the Indonesian nation officially

proclaimed the independence of the

Indonesian nation however it was only at

around 19 WIB that the news of the proclamation

could be broadcast throughout the world through the

Jakarta radio studio hoso kyoku in the

area of ​​Jalan Merdeka Barat

the studio was tightly guarded by

Japanese soldiers Since the morning after the reading of

the proclamation those who were instrumental in

broadcasting the news of the proclamation

included Btiar Lubis Suprapto Jusuf Ronodo

and Sahrudin in their own country the news

of the proclamation was rather slow to spread

widely especially outside Java because of

the difficulty of communication routes at that time the

next day on 18

1945 the Preparatory Committee for

Indonesian Independence PPKI held its first session the

session was attended by 25

PPKI members in this session PPKI succeeded in

deciding several important things

including S ratifying and establishing the

1945 Constitution electing Soekarno as president

and Drs Moh Hatta as vice president

and the president for a while would be

assisted by a national committee the

next day the PPKI session succeeded in

establishing the formation of 12 department 8

provinces the formation of regional national committees

and the formation of the

first presidential cabinet then PPKI

held its third session on August 22,

1945 at this session PPKI succeeded in

deciding three main issues that

had been discussed in

previous meetings first the formation of the

Indonesian National Committee KNNI second the

formation of the Indonesian National Party

PNI and third the formation of the

people's security agency BKR at the time of

this formation BKR was under the

assistance agency for families of war victims

BPKKKP the task of BKR was to guard

public security in the regions under

the coordination of the regional KNNI Since then

BKR began to be established in the regions

Why at that time the Indonesian government formed

BKR and not the Army President Soekarno

in his speech on August 23, 1945

called on former Peta Heiho soldiers and

Indonesian youth who had previously

participated in military training or education

to join BKR One of the

reasons the government did not form an

army was so as not to arouse

suspicion and prevent clashes with

foreign parties, especially Japan, which at

that time was still in Indonesia

even though it had lost the war the

Japanese army still had

quite complete weapons although BKR was eventually

disbanded and replaced with the

people's security army TKR on October 5, 1945

this organization played an important role as

one of the struggle vessels in the

early days of independence, the TKR is the

forerunner of the TNI that exists

today. Why did the government only form the

TKR in October

1945? Was it at that time that Japan had already

left Indonesia so that the government

dared to form the TKR or was there

another more pressing reason to

form a national army organization?

In the early days of independence,

two important developments occurred

in the political field, namely the formation of

political parties and changes in the

system. In the cabinet system, Vice

President Muhammad Hatta issued

a decree on November 3, 1945

to encourage the establishment of

political parties as part of the preparation

for the first general election which

was planned to be held in

January

1946. The government reiterated

the suggestion to establish

political parties in the decree of November 14,

1945. This decree also had

another important meaning, namely the change in the

government system with the position of

Prime Minister as the head of the cabinet. The

government decrees dated November 3 and 14,

1945 need to be understood in the

global political situation. At that time,

after the Proclamation of Independence, several

foreign parties accused the Republic of Indonesia of being a

Japanese-formed state. President Soekarno

and Vice President President Moh Hatta was also

accused of being a Japanese collaborator. RI was

also accused of being a fascist country,

especially since the PNI was initially designated

as a state party.

Such a single party system is often associated

with the characteristics of a fascist country such as

during the world war. Therefore, to

convince the international world that RI

is a democratic country and not a

fascist, the government made several

changes as mentioned in the

two proclamations. The existence of a Prime

Minister as the head of the cabinet as

stated in the proclamation of

November 14, 1945 was indeed not in accordance with the

1945 Constitution, but in the political situation

at that time, this was an adaptation

carried out by RI and a response to

international developments so that

foreign parties, especially the allies as the winners of the

Second World War, believed that RI

was a democratic country and not a

fascist country formed by Japan. As a

newly independent country, RI really

needed international support in

the struggle to maintain independence

and face the ambitions of the Dutch who wanted to

re-

colonize B. turmoil at the beginning of the revolution

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in the early days of independence the

security situation was very chaotic and there was

turmoil in various regions. The

disputes and battles

claimed many victims among the Indonesian people themselves. In

general, the turmoil at the beginning of the

revolution can be divided into two,

namely the social revolution and the turmoil

against foreign troops. historian Michael

wood 2005 defines the social revolution

in the early days of Indonesian independence

as a series of events that

occurred in

1945 to

1946 when local leaders,

aristocrats, plantation owners, and

people who were considered

Japanese and Dutch collaborators were

targeted by the fury of Ma according to historian

Sartono kartodirjo

1981 and MC rle 2005,

these events were an explosion of anger when

the people experienced various oppressions and

injustices in the past, in the

early days of their independence, the situation was stable

and

this

Amang

sakes

did not want this kind of thing to

happen in the present or the

future of the Dutch nation, especially those

who had lived in Indonesia

during the revolution, considering the

social revolution as a period of preparation

that was full of violence, many

Dutch civilians and Indo-Indonesian European descendants were the

targets of mass anger

during this period, but historian

bon revealed that the term preparation was

actually racist and only saw it from a

Dutch perspective, he preferred to

use the term social revolution.

Why is that, apart from the social revolution

that occurred in various regions, the

early period of independence was also marked by

various upheavals or battles

against foreign troops, namely Japan, the

allies, and NICA? Can you

mention some examples?

Did this happen in your area?

Similar events below we will

learn some of them You

can also explore further

according to your interests and conditions in

your respective regions during

the seizure of weapons and the takeover of

power from the Japanese

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in the early days of independence the

Japanese army that had surrendered was still in

Indonesia they were ordered to

maintain the status quo by the allies

the Japanese army still had weapons

and controlled

strategic facilities according to Abdulani

1973 historical figures and actors at that time

there was concern among

Indonesian nationalist groups and fighters that the

allies who would come to

Indonesia would disarm Japan and

give Indonesia to the Netherlands this

suspicion and fear was one of the

reasons for the

various incidents of seizure of weapons and

the takeover of power from Japan in the

early days of independence

before the arrival of the allies some

incidents of seizure of weapons were preceded

by conflicts or sieges of headquarters and

weapons warehouses because the

Japanese army insisted on maintaining the status quo

as assigned to them

this happened in Rabaya Yogyakarta

Biren and various other areas that cell

various armed conflicts against the

Japanese army occurred a

5-day battle in Semarang

15 to 19 October

1945 which began with suspicions that the

Japanese army had poisoning the water sources

in this city in various regions the

youth and Indonesian nationalist figures

also took over

civil and military power from the hands of Japan

for example in Malang 3 October

1945 Palembang 8 October

1945 Surakarta 13 October 1945 Aceh 12

October

1945 and other regions two

arrivals of allies and NICA

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do you know Since when did the

allied forces enter Indonesia Is it true that

they only came after Emperor

Hirohito announced that Japan

surrendered unconditionally to the allies on

15 August

1945 even though the British army as

representatives of the allies only came to Jakarta

in September

1945 the allied forces had actually

come to Indonesia several months

before in several areas in

eastern Indonesia this happened

in the Pacific War situation which

was part of World War 2

for example since July 1945 the

Australian troops which were part

of the Allies had defeated Japan and

occupied

Balikpapan meanwhile the United States troops

had even succeeded in

defeating Japan in Papua since

mid

14 However the Allies had

only officially come to disarm

Japanese power throughout

Indonesia in September

1945 British historian Richard Esatuem

CH pronunation Milan 2005 stated

that at that time the British did not

understand the developments in Indonesia

after Japan surrendered they

received intelligence information that the

Indonesian people realized they had been

exploited by Japan and would

happily welcome the

return of the Dutch with British support

therefore the British

initially did not take

the proclamation of Indonesian independence seriously on August 17,

1945 they also assumed that

Soekarno and Hatta were

Japanese collaborators this information was clearly very far

from the reality that occurred in

Indonesia what valuable lessons

can we get from here it turns out that

misinformation had occurred in the past

the British had difficulty

verifying the intelligence information

they obtained so that they were

dragged into conflict with the

Republic of Indonesia in the early days of

independence without realizing the developments

that occurred in Indonesia the

Dutch and British royal governments

signed Civil Affairs Agreements

in Cheekwers England on August 24,

1945 this agreement stated that the

commander of the British occupation army in the

Dutch East Indies region of Indonesia would

hold power on behalf of the

Dutch government regarding civil government would be

run by the Netherlands Indies Civil

Administration under the

responsibility of the Commander of the Southeast Asia Command

sea in other words all power

in Indonesia would be handed back

to the Dutch government troops The

Dutch in Indonesia were now

under the command of British troops until

they left Indonesia since

the end of August

1945 allied planes began to

distribute pamphlets from the air at

the request of the Dutch the pamphlets

contained various kinds of information and

instructions such as information that

Japan surrendered to the allies and

instructions for the Japanese army to maintain the

status quo news that the allies would

come to provide assistance to

Europeans who were prisoners of

Japan as well as information for the

Indonesian people to remain calm because the Dutch

would come back to restore conditions

as before the war this pamphlet or

leaflet is one of the proofs

that the Dutch and the allies did not

understand what was happening in Indonesia

in his memoirs suhario padmodiwiryo

2015 told that many of

the people of Surabaya immediately tore up the

leaflet he also revealed

that the pamphlet actually provoked the

anger of the people of Surabaya so that they

carried out mass riots targeting

Dutch Indo or anyone who was considered to

support the Dutch in

such a political and security situation it is not

surprising that then there were

many clashes between the Indonesian people

and the allies and the

Indonesian government was initially willing to accept the

arrival of the allies who would disarm the

Japanese and free prisoners of

war but after knowing that the

Allies intended to hand over

power to the

Netherlands Indonesia's attitude was different various

battles were also avoided

what happened between the

Indonesian side against the allies and

here we will learn some of them in

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a battle area

British troops who were part

of the Allies began to arrive in Medan on

October 9,

1945 the Indonesian government invited them

to carry out their duties in taking care of

the former prisoners of war but

these former prisoners of war were then

armed by the

Dutch who at that time had also arrived

in Medan they felt superior

and in an incident stepped on the

Red and White Badge worn by

Indonesian youth this incident was considered

an insult to

Indonesia and gave rise to

armed conflict which began on October 13,

1945 b Bandung Lautan Api Do you

know the song haloo Bandung by Ismail

Marzuki the song tells one of the

conflicts or armed struggles

carried out by the Indonesian people against the

allies who were carried by NICA in

Bandung the allied troops began to arrive in

Bandung on October 12,

1945 and demanded that the Indonesian people

surrender

their weapons In addition they also

freed the Dutch who were

previously arrested wan by Japan in

various internment camps, but

these former prisoners and Nia

acted arrogantly because they felt they had

support from the Allies, as a result the

allied mark at the Saf Homan Hotel

was attacked by Indonesians on

November 21,

1945, the Allies then launched a

counterattack. Battle after

battle continued until Colonel

McDonald as the allied commander in

Bandung issued an ultimatum for the

Indonesian fighters to leave Bandung

on March 23,

1946, seeing that the

fighters' weapons were very limited

compared to the allies, Prime

Minister Syahrir, who did not want

further bloodshed,

then instructed the

Republic of Indonesia's army to

evacuate Bandung. Syahrir also

tried to negotiate with the

British to avoid

armed conflict that would have claimed

more victims, meanwhile Colonel

Nasution and several other officers were

reluctant to hand over Bandung as a

middle way, they decided to

use scorched earth tactics and

leave Bandung with the

Sipio residents. The Prime Minister's orders were

still obeyed, but South Bandung

was burned so that various facilities

there could not be used by the

allies. The

allied army began landing in

Semarang on October 20,

1945. Initially, they were well received.

by the Indonesian side, the Governor of

Central Java, Mr. Wongsonegoro, was even willing to

provide food aid and

other support so that the allies could carry out

their duties to disarm the Japanese and

free the prisoners of war. The allies

also promised not to interfere with the

sovereignty of Indonesia. The attitude of the

Indonesian nation turned when they learned

that the former prisoners of war who

had been freed in Magelang and

Ambarawa were actually

armed. They also tried to

disarm the Indonesian army.

This is what then sparked clashes

between the Indonesian side against the allies

and NICA. The Battle of Ambarawa took place

from November 21, 1945

to December 15,

1945. Indonesian troops consisting of

TKR and the people's militias

won, but unfortunately,

this victory had to be paid dearly with a

very large number of casualties. The

Battle of Subaya, a conflict between the

Indonesian nation and the Dutch who were

allied with the British, had already occurred

in Surabaya before the arrival of the allies,

for example in the flag incident at the

Yamato Hotel or the Orange Hotel on September 19,

1945. After this incident,

various battles took place in Surabaya. On October 22,

1945, Khah Hasim Asari called for a

jihad resolution to defend the homeland

and fight against the allies and NICA.

Therefore, currently every

October 22nd is commemorated as Santri Day

to commemorate the role of the ulama and

santri in the struggle to maintain

independence on October 25,

1945, allied forces led by

Brigadier General Malabi landed in

Surabaya. Malabi then held

negotiations with the BKR commander Drg

Mustopo and the Governor of East Java RM Suryo.

Initially, the negotiations that took place on

October 26, 1945 went smoothly and

both parties agreed to respect each other

and work together to

maintain security in Surabaya. However, it

turned out that the situation changed quickly

without Malabi's knowledge. Major

General DC Hathorn, who was

his superior, ordered the British Air Force

to distribute an

ultimatum pamphlet. On October 27,

1945, the ultimatum pamphlet

asked the Indonesian people in Surabaya

to surrender their weapons. A

major battle broke out until General

Kristison, the Commander of the Allied forces in

Indonesia, asked for Sukarno's help to

come to Surabaya and try to broker a

ceasefire on October 29,

1945. This ceasefire did not last

long because on October 30,

1945, another major battle occurred.

In this battle, Brigadier General

Malabi was killed. Malabi's death

made the Allies furious and

issued an ultimatum on November 9,

1945 asking Indonesia to surrender

the next day of course the

ultimatum was ignored

so that a great battle occurred on

November 10,

1945 this event we now

commemorate as Heroes' Day until

now one of the big questions

related to the events of the Battle of Surabaya

is Who killed Malabi

How was Malabi killed

e battle of Palembang since October

1945 the allies had landed in Palembang

together with Nia Initially they

were given the opportunity to disarm

Japanese soldiers and take care of prisoners of

war but it turned out they began

to provoke and search

residents' homes resulting in

various resistance a new major battle

occurred after the allies left

Palembang on November 7,

1946 the allied army handed over

its power to the Dutch the

Dutch then launched various

unreasonable demands to the

RI for example asking for a

demarcation line or further territorial boundaries

In addition the Dutch army also

blocked Indonesian ships from

Palembang that would sail to

Singapore causing

economic difficulties in Palembang culminating on December 28,

1946 the Dutch army began to violate the

agreed demarcation line

this triggered resistance and a

great battle in Palembang for

5 days 5 nights the battle that began

on January 1, 1947 ended with

an agreement to carry out a

ceasefire Puputan Margarana is

one of the largest armed conflicts

that occurred in Bali during the

national revolution period Dutch troops began

landing in Bali on March 2,

1946 to disarm the Japanese but

the presence of the Dutch actually made the situation

in Bali unsafe the Dutch side

pitted the Balinese people against each other so that

some turned around and attacked the

pro-

independence forces in such a situation I

Gusti Ngurah Rai fought

against the Dutch on November 19,

1946 The troops led by

Gusti ngurahraay managed to seize the

weapons of the Nia soldiers in Tabanan the

Dutch then counterattacked and

surrounded the village of Marga the battle was

inevitable so that Gusti Ngurah Rai

and all his troops died in the

incident they fought

to the last drop of blood the war

to the death like this in

Balinese tradition is known as Puputan ge

the battle of Makassar allied troops

began landing in Makassar since the end of

September

among them were Australian soldiers

and

also like in various other areas

originally they wanted to carry out the task

of disarming the Japanese and

taking care of prisoners war but Terata

Has its own agenda, namely wanting to

restore Dutch power in

Sulawesi, they are armed with KNIL troops

who are in the blood of Je

troops and KNIL rampant youth

in Makassar, especially those who are members

of the Indonesian National Youth Center

PPNI, are hot on October 27,

1945, they began to attack and

seize strategic locations that were

controlled by the battle.

This time the conflict situation occurred the next day as for

Dar, the Australian army, in

early December

1945, a company of Pro RI KNIL troops who had

just arrived from Morotai landed in

Makassar, they joined with

Indonesian youth and students to

fight the Dutch on

December 5 to 9,

1945. However, this effort was thwarted by the

allied forces,

even though various perw tangs in Makassar

until the Dutch sent

special troops under Captain Westerling.

Westerling's strategy was very terrible

and took many lives,

most of the victims of Westerling's cruelty and

his troops were civilians. Until

now, there are several versions

regarding the number of Westerling victims in

South Sulawesi. The number that is often

circulated and used as a source of

propaganda by the government

during the national revolution is 40,000

casualties Based on a report from

Kahar Muzaka However, this figure is

often considered too large

Westerling in the book he wrote

admitted to killing 600 people while the

Dutch government's version in

1969 mentioned around 3,000 people in

his biography Alex Kawilarang, a former

TNI officer at that time, said the number of

victims was around

1700 and not all of them were killed by

Westerling and his troops In your opinion,

why are there several different versions

about the number of

Westerling victims? How do you respond to the

different versions in history like

this? In 2012, the families of

Westerling's victims in South Sulawesi

then brought their case to the

civil court in Denak to demand justice

After waiting for around a year,

the families of the victims finally

won this case and the

Dutch government was required to pay

compensation. The Dutch government also

apologized to the families of the

victims. Several apologies from the

Dutch for the violence committed in

Indonesia45

15 Dutch veterans apologized

for the violence they had

committed in Indonesia from

1945 to

1949 to the military attaché at the

Indonesian embassy in the Netherlands August 16,

2005 Prime Minister Minister Bernard bot

expressed regret over the

Dutch military aggression in the year an

official apology from the

Dutch government represented by

Ambassador Johon Hrcr Dezwaan to

the families of the victims of the massacre in

Rawagede in

1947 an official apology from the

Dutch government represented by

Ambassador Johon Hrcr Dezwaan to the

families of the victims of the

Westerling massacre in

South Sulawesi the Dutch government through

Ambassador Lambert Gis again apologized

to the victims of Dutch violence in

Rawagede in

1947 March 10,

2020 King Willem Alexander expressed

regret and apologized for the

violence committed by the

Dutch during the conflict with Indonesia

in the period

1945 to

1949 Prime Minister Mark Rut on behalf of the

Dutch government apologized for the

violence by the Dutch during

the conflict with Indonesia in the period

1945 to 1949

[Music]

as we have discussed previously

the arrival of Allied troops was initially

only to disarm the

Japanese army free prisoners of war and

try to maintain the security of

British and Australian troops who were

under the auspices of the allies never intended to

occupy Indonesia for a

long time this is inseparable from the

Atlantic treaty which prevented the expansion of territory

After World War I but the existence

Civil affair agreement between the Kingdom of the

Netherlands and England made England

dragged into various conflicts between

Indonesia and the Netherlands the attitude of

British officers in various regions varied

in facing the RI Some wanted to

negotiate and try to

find a Peaceful Way but there were also those who were

tough and preferred

fighting Allied forces under

British leadership saw that the situation

would not improve if the conflict

continued they actually did not

want the battle to get

worse After World War I since

the end of

1946 the British tried to

initiate various peace talks

and bridge various

initial negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands

to find a way out on the initiative

of the British the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia and

the Netherlands finally met in a

Negotiation in Linggar Jati in

November

1946 in the next sub-chapter we will

discuss further about what

happened in Indonesia since the

Linggar

Jati negotiations the transfer of the capital during the

revolution the unsafe situation in Jakarta

after the proclamation of Indonesian independence

gave rise to the idea of ​​moving

the capital of the Republic of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta

some security disturbances were

caused by the Laskar the battle

between the Indonesian side and the Nia side

who wanted to take control of Indonesia again

as well as the attempted assassination

of Sutan Syahrir this transfer

cannot be separated from the role of Sri Sultan

Hamengkubuwono 9 Hamengkubuwono 9 who was

willing to provide Yogya

as the capital of R which was considered safer at

that time Sultan Hamengkubuwono 9 also

provided financial support so that on January 4,

1946 the capital of the Republic of Indonesia moved to Yogyakarta on

December 28, 1949 the capital was moved

back to Jakarta and Since then the

form of the Indonesian state became a

Union on August 17 the

form of the Indonesian state returned to being a

unitary state with Jakarta as the

capital of the Republic of Indonesia C

Diplomatic and guerrilla struggle

[Music]

do you know the importance of diplomacy

for a country diplomacy can

bring a nation to

international recognition In addition, diplomacy

is a door to establish cooperation

in order to overcome the crisis and

realize strong global growth

one example is the role of

Indonesia as a presidential country

and host of the G20 activities

in Bali in October

2022 this role shows

international recognition of

Indonesia's important position in the association and

cooperation of countries in the world in

the history of diplomacy is also an

important element in efforts to gain

sovereignty and maintain

independence the following discussion will

examine Indonesia's diplomatic struggle

to get out of the crisis conditions

diplomatic efforts through The first political negotiations

after independence began on

November 10,

1946, known as the

Linggar Jati negotiations. These negotiations between

Indonesia and the Netherlands were located at

the foot of Mount Ciremai, Linggar Jati, Cirebon.

[Music]

[Music]

Lord Killearn of England acted

as the mediator after the

Dutch recognized the

sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia

over the islands of Java, Madura, and

Sumatra. The Republic of Indonesia and the

Netherlands would work together to form the

United States of Indonesia, where the

Republic of Indonesia would be one

part. The

United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands

would form an Indonesian-

Netherlands Union with the Queen of the Netherlands as

its leader. The contents of the

Linggar Jati agreement were agreed upon.

The handover of the Indonesian Republic in

July

1947 was announced.

This action was known as the

First Military Aggression. Resistance also

occurred in many places. This conflict, which

recurred in Indonesia, was

then discussed by the UN Security Council.

After several meetings, on

August 27,

1947, the UN Security Council formed a three-nation commission

consisting of Australia,

Indonesia's choice, Belgium,

and both countries chose the United States.

On the initiative of the KTN, the Renfille negotiations

were held on December 8,

1947 on the USS Renville ship which was

anchored in Jakarta Bay. The

Indonesian delegation was led by Mr. Amir

Syarifuddin while the Dutch delegation was

represented by R. Abdul Kadir Widjojo

Atmojo. The continuation of the negotiations

was held in Kaliurang Yogyakarta on January 13,

1948. The meeting, known as the

Kaliurang minutes, was attended by

Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, Sutan Shahrir, and

General Sudirman. The Renfille agreement was

finally signed on January 17,

1948. The contents of the Renfille agreement

included the formation of the Republic of

Indonesia, the United States of Indonesia, the Republic of Indonesia, the

Indonesian territory

recognized by the Netherlands was Central Java,

Yogyakarta, and Sumatra. The dividing line for

the territory was known as the

Van line. The consequences of the Renfille agreement had a

very big impact on Indonesia.

Indonesian territory became increasingly narrow

in terms of military as a form of obedience to the

state's density. The Generals were forced to obey the Indonesian Armed

Forces and carried out a

migration. The Indonesian Army in

West Java traveled to the

Central Java area, around 30,000

Siliwangi troops were estimated to be

took part in the event

known as the Long March Siliwangi

this gave rise to a lot of disappointment and

led to resistance in

various regions Prime Minister Amir

Syarifuddin resigned from his position on

January 23,

1948 because he was considered to have failed to

maintain the sovereignty of the territory resulting from the

Renfille agreement causing

disappointment for some parties and

causing political turmoil in Indonesia the

socialist faction in parliament except for the

Syahrir group opposed the results of the

Renfille agreement and formed the

People's Democratic Front

FDR after Muso one of the leaders of the

Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) returned from

Moscow FDR got a new leader and the

PKI dominated this group

unilaterally FDR PKI declared the

formation of the National Front government

in Madiun on September 19,

1948 morning in his book people at the

left crossroads

1997 historians stated that the

R government immediately reacted to the

rebellion on September 19,

1948 evening President Soekarno immediately

called on the people to help

the government crush

the rebellion Soekarno asked the people to

choose to follow Soekarno Hatta or Muso the

RI government then immediately

launched a military operation to

crush this rebellion

RI's success in crushing this rebellion

became one of the reasons the United States of

America finally helped the Republic of Indonesia in

pressuring the Netherlands at the negotiating table for the

United States of America had shown

its non-alignment with the

communist ideology that was being fought by the United States

in the Cold War not long after the

Republic of Indonesia overcame the Madiun incident in

1948, the Netherlands suddenly

canceled the Renville agreement

on December 18,

1948 Dr BL informed the

delegation of the Republic of Indonesia and KTN

that the Netherlands did not recognize and was no

longer bound by the Renville agreement for the

second time the Netherlands carried out

military aggression on Sunday morning, December 19,

1948, at around 5:30 am

Dutch bombers of the

MCE2B25 and Mustang type began attacking the

Maguo airfield and took control of the capital

city of Yogyakarta Indonesian sovereignty was

threatened because the Netherlands finally

captured the president and vice president

can you imagine the

critical situation that occurred at that time does it

mean that Indonesia has been controlled again

by the Netherlands in fact the Netherlands

could not fully control

Indonesia before the Netherlands under the

leadership of Colonel Van Langen reached the

Great Building and captured the head of

state the cabinet gave a mandate to the

Minister of Prosperity Syafruddin

Prawiranegara who was at that time

in Bukit Tinggi to form an

emergency government of the Republic of Indonesia

PDRI In addition, the mandate was also given

to

aaaramis who was in New Delhi

to form a government of the Republic of

Indonesia in exile Commander

General Sudirman also ordered the

Indonesian army to

infiltrate and counterattack

One of the other important events after

the capture of the President and Vice President of the

Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta was the General Attack of March 1,

1949 the attack was launched to

prove to the international world

that the TNI as one of the

state bodies was still active This was proven

by the success of capturing Yogyakarta

from the hands of the Dutch for 6 hours After

launching a short attack the

Teeni troops then retreated and returned to the

guerrilla pockets meanwhile the

PDRI foreign minister A Maramis who was

in New Delhi India

raised solidarity with

other countries the Indian prime minister Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru initiated an

inter-asian conference as a form of solidarity

with

the Republic of Indonesia the conference was

attended by 19 representatives including

Afghanistan Philippines Burma Sri Lanka

Egypt Ethiopia India Iraq Lebanon

Pakistan Saudi Arabia Syria and Yemen

the conference lasted until

January 23, 1949 This resulted in several

resolution proposals to the UN Security Council to

urge the Netherlands to stop all

its military operations and hold a special session

regarding the resolution of the conflict The question of Indonesia and

the Netherlands based on the resolution of the DKPBB KTN

was changed to the United Nations Commission

for Indonesia, the key with

greater power and more binding rights, the

key initiated the negotiations of the Dutch Eri

led by Mark Chran of the

United States at the Hotel Des Indis Jakarta.

These negotiations resulted in an agreement

on May 7, 194,

known as the R Royen

Boria agreement. Did you know that besides the

interasia conference in the country, the

Inter-Indonesia Conference was also held which became an

important moment for the Indonesian nation and

at the same time as a symbol of the reunification of the

Indonesian nation? This conference was held in

two stages. The interanesia conference was held

from July 19 to 22, 49 at the Tugu Hotel in

Yogyakarta, while the Inter-

Indonesia Conference 2 was held from July 31 to

August 2,

1949 in Jakarta. At the first conference session, the

chairman of the session, Moh Hatta,

said that

this Inter-Indonesia Conference is a symbol of

our unity, a symbol of our will

to carry out the ideals of our people who

have been fighting for decades,

namely one Indonesia that is not

separated. This conference consisted

of two delegations, namely the

republic delegation and the BFO delegation. The purpose of

this conference was to unite

the vision and mission of the Indonesian nation before

participating. in the Round Table Conference

source KML Tobing political struggle of the

Indonesian nation agreement Rum Royen

and KMB Jakarta

CV H masagung

1987 the peak of the diplomatic struggle for

recognition of Indonesian sovereignty occurred at the

Round Table Conference KMB

held in the Netherlands denhaak

the implementation of the KMB took place from 23

August to 2 November

1949 the important impact of the implementation of the

KMB on Indonesia was the form of the

Indonesian state changed to the

Republic of Indonesia Serikat RIS The Netherlands

recognized Indonesian sovereignty in the

form of RIS the handover would be carried out

on 27 December

1949 power over West Irian

was determined A year later after

the recognition of

sovereignty In addition it was agreed that

Indonesia must take over the

Dutch debt of 4.3 billion guilders in

state relations RIS and the Netherlands

agreed to form the Indonesian

Netherlands Union international support and

diplomatic struggle through the UN the

Indonesian nation's efforts to gain

recognition of sovereignty were also carried out

through diplomacy and struggle at the UN

this struggle received support from

several other countries the Indonesian problem was

first discussed at the UN Council on 25

January 1946 by the Ukrainian delegation who

accused Britain of using its troops

including Gurha soldiers from India to

suppress the democratic movement in Indonesia the

Ukrainian delegation chaired by

Dmitro Manwilski accused

Britain's actions of threatening world security and

peace and asked the UNSC to

send a team to investigate this

and propose a peaceful solution.

However, Ukraine's proposal

received less support at

the UNSC, as did Egypt's proposal which

asked Britain to immediately withdraw from

Indonesia after completing its

main allied tasks. After that, the

Indonesian problem was not much discussed at the UN

until the arrival of the Indonesian delegation

in

1947 at the UN headquarters in New York. After the

1st Military Aggression, Sutan Syahri flew to

India to meet with PM Jawaharlal

Nehru and asked for India's assistance. Then

he sent an official letter to the UN and

asked the UNSC to conduct an

investigation into Indonesia. At

almost the same time, the Australian government

also asked the UN to review the

Indonesian problem. The Indonesian problem was then

discussed at the

UNSC. In general, European countries

at that time supported the Netherlands,

while non-European countries

such as China, India, Colombia, and

Australia tended to defend Indonesia.

On August 12,

1947, the Indonesian delegation, some

of whom had just arrived from India, was present

at the UN headquarters in Lake Suces, New York.

They were Sutan Syahrir, H Agus Salim,

Sumitro, Joyohusumo, Char Tambu, and

Soedjat. Moko after going through a lobbying process

and assistance from several countries

present at the DKPBB session, the

Indonesian delegation was then allowed to

participate in a meeting discussing the

conflict between the Netherlands in

Indonesia, even without the right to

vote. In his speech on August 14,

1947, Sutan Shahrir conveyed the

continuous Dutch military attacks

on Indonesia and demanded that

Dutch troops be completely withdrawn from

Indonesia. Syahrir asked the DKPBB to

form a commission that would oversee

the implementation of the DKPBB resolution

previously issued on August 1,

1947. The resolution ordered a

ceasefire and a cessation of hostilities.

This speech was of course opposed by the

Dutch representative at the DKPBB and

its supporters from

European imperial countries.

However, on August 25,

1947, the DKPBB approved a resolution

proposed by Australia and China to

establish a consular commission in Jakarta

whose task was to monitor the situation

and report the results to the

DKPBB. The UN also established a

Good of Fites Committee on Indonesia (GOC),

which in Indonesian history was better

known as the Three Nations Commission (

KTN). This body played a role in monitoring

the situation and acting as a mediator in

order to find a peaceful solution between

Indonesia and the Netherlands. In October

1947 Syahrir handed over his position

as chairman of the Indonesian Delegation at the UN

to

Niikala after that the Indonesian

and Dutch Delegations often faced each

other at the UN, including in the discussion of the

Military Aggression

launched by the Netherlands in

December

1948. This aggression actually became a

turning point for the Netherlands. Countries that

had previously supported the Netherlands turned around,

for example, France condemned

this aggression and asked the Netherlands to

release political prisoners,

including the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia who were captured

in the aggression. The UN

finally issued a resolution in

January

1949 which basically asked for a

ceasefire and a cessation of fighting

between Indonesia and the Netherlands. The UN

changed its name to the United Nations

Commission for Indonesia, which was

tasked with overseeing the implementation of the resolution,

mediating negotiations and ensuring

that Indonesia and the Netherlands obeyed the UN

resolution.

Several contents of the UN resolution of

January 28, 49,

s1234, among others, were: The Netherlands

was ordered to release the

leaders of the Republic of Indonesia who were arrested during the

2nd Military Aggression and return them to

Yogyakarta. It recommended

the formation of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia

which was a federal, independent and

sovereign state as soon as possible. The Netherlands had to

hand over sovereignty over Indonesia

to Ris before January 1,

1950 or at the latest July 1,

1950 negotiations between Indonesia and the

Netherlands continued throughout

1949 under the supervision of the key on December 27,

1949 the Netherlands finally handed over

its sovereignty to Ris in the

Indonesian perspective this event is

often referred to as the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia

in September 1950 Nar led the

flag-raising ceremony that marked

Indonesia's entry into the UN General Assembly

as the 60th member state The Republic of

Indonesia was not the

first former European colony to gain

independence after WW2 but

was the first to use the UN General Assembly

as a platform for

independence Dar towards

[Music]

NKRI the initiator of the establishment of the Republic of

Indonesia Serikat (RIS) was the deputy

governor-general of the Dutch East Indies Dr. H.

J. This establishment was an effort by the Netherlands

to be able to continue to establish

its influence in Indonesia the

Ris government was based in Jakarta while the

RI government was based in

Yogyakarta the Ris government was led

by President Soekarno and assisted by

Prime Minister Muhammad Hatta the

RIS government system was a

parliamentary democracy with a state constitution

called the Republic of Indonesia Serikat (RIS) law the

RI government was within the territory of the

Ris government but the territory of the RI remain

autonomous and independent of RIs,

but the majority of Indonesian people

along with national figures

want Indonesia to return to being a

unitary state. In addition,

unity movements emerged to

realize the Unitary State of

the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) and opposed the

formation of a federal state, including

from the masses in the majority of

RIS states. The state of South Sumatra

was the first to

join the RI government on February 10,

1950. Furthermore, the state of Pasundan

wanted to join because it

felt less capable of maintaining security

and order in its territory. The state of

Pasundan finally joined RI

as stated in

RI decree number 113 dated March 11,

1950. The RI government did not oppose the

merger with RI and instead

followed the wishes of the

Consultative Assembly. The RI government then

issued an emergency law on

March 7,

1950, the contents of which were the dissolution of the

states and their merger

into RI. Finally, until the end of March

1950, only the EMP states

remained standing, namely West Kalimantan, East

Sumatra,

East Indonesia and RI. This condition made

Natsir take the initiative to convey that RI

and the RIS states should be combined

in the

proposal submitted in A

parliamentary meeting on April 3, 1950 was

later known as the

Natsir integral motion. His expertise in

political lobbying led to West Kalimantan being included

in the Republic of Indonesia through the

Consultative Assembly session on April 22,

1950. Natsir, the Pioneer of the discourse on

the return of the

Republic of Indonesia. Natsir was an important figure in

Indonesia in the

1950s. By conveying an

integral motion in a parliamentary session

on April 3, 1950,

Nsir succeeded in lobbying many factions to

agree to return to the form of a

unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI)

after previously being divided into the

Republic of Indonesia Serikat (RIS). As a

figure who had served

as Prime Minister, Natsir was known

as a charismatic and

simple figure. In order to further explore the

history and personality of Muhammad

Nsir, he was able to explain

his history towards the mid-

1950s. Ris Only leaving three countries,

namely the state of East Sumatra, the State of

East Indonesia, and the Republic of Indonesia. On

May 3 to 5,

1950, negotiations were held to

agree on the formation of

the Republic of Indonesia, but the formation of the Republic of Indonesia was

not as easy as merging the states of the

RIS into the Republic of Indonesia. RI this is related

to the recognition of sovereignty from the

international world because the

sovereignty recognized in the Round Table Conference was Ris

the solution to this problem was

to change the constitution of the RIS which was in

the form of a federal state to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia

finally President Soekarno

replaced Ris with the unitary state of the

Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1950

e the role of the people in the national revolution

[Music]

the problem of efforts to maintain

independence was not only on

the shoulders of the state elite and the military

but all levels of the

Indonesian people with the slogan independence or

death the Indonesian people were willing to risk

their lives and work together to maintain the independence of Indonesia following the various roles of Indonesian society during the national revolution one role of women the Indonesian government called on women who were previously members of the Fujinkai women's organization formed by Japan to enter various Indonesian women's organizations thus Indonesian women could immediately channel their energy for the interests of

the struggle especially in the

social fields interesting to observe although

most did not directly take part in

carrying weapons in the resistance

women were often on the

front lines as informants and distributors of

the needs of fighters in several

areas wives and young women

organized themselves to meet the

logistical needs of medicines and even

financing the war during the revolution

Indonesian women fought in

various ways according to the abilities

and conditions of their respective regions a

medical and

health role in war situations that are

prone to causing casualties medical

and health fields are important supporting factors

for the struggle to maintain

independence in Aceh women

members of the Red Cross

formed a task force that was always ready to

be sent and dispatched to the battlefield

to help war victims meanwhile

women in North Sulawesi

repeatedly fought to break through the

blockade and Dutch defenses to

find medicines that were difficult to obtain at that time a

similar role was also carried out

by members of the Red Room in B mjal

Kak Rah city colleagues to distribute

aid to villages and guerrilla areas

with their skills

these Balinese women also mixed various

medicinal plants to overcome the shortage of

medicines in eastern Indonesia

women from Maluku also played an active role

as volunteers in various

hospitals as nurses

In fact, quite a few of them

helped the struggle in Java during the

Dutch military aggression these medical personnel

from Maluku were recorded as having the duty of

examining refugees who moved

and came to Yogyakarta B

education even during wartime

Education for the next generation of the

nation must still be

carried out after independence

female students in Aceh were given

scouting training to train

intelligence skills and physical development of

spirit and love of the homeland when

the revolution broke out women in Aceh

became volunteer teachers to educate the

nation's children and eradicating

illiteracy in elementary schools, similar things

were also done by female fighters in

Tondano by establishing the

National Education Foundation in November

1945, the foundation and dirken seola menenga rend

kbangsen S

mrk this school always also

secretly inserts the Spirit of Independence and nationality in

every

lesson C public kitchen and

logistics the continuation of the struggle

to maintain independence will not last long

if there is no adequate food intake

therefore the existence of a public kitchen

managed by women plays a

very important role in the struggle, it is not surprising that the

existence of a seller's headquarters accompanied by

Um conditions in Maluku, the wives and young women of the

Indonesian fighters established

public kitchens to provide food and

accommodation for fighters and retirees,

these wives also became the

backbone for marrying out when

their husbands were fighting on the front lines

Sara was in Ace besides making dap

for iliaanar Sp and

funds by giving jewelry

and other valuables, the funds were

used, among other things, to purchase a

dakora aircraft

ri001 Seulawah, the first aircraft owned by RI

2 the role of artists and writers compared to

politicians and the military, the role of

artists and writers is indeed less

prominent in historical records, but

their role in the struggle for

independence is quite important and we can still

enjoy it today as a

form of self-expression of the work of artists

during the independence era to raise the

fighting spirit and move the people

to fight against the invaders, some of these works are

poured into the medium of walls and

leaflets, some also fill

illustrations or caricatures in

their newspapers using very simple tools and media

to work, but

these limitations do not prevent

artists from spreading the spirit of

struggle, the events of the war of independence

and the revolutionary period apparently helped shape

and hone the character of

Indonesian painters, artists who experienced the

revolutionary period have records of

life situations during the physical struggle

poured through the works of several

Indonesian painting maestros

such as Ojonoandi Dullah Hend Gunawan

is an example of several paintings during the

war of independence, including Laskar

Rakjat Mengato Siasat

1946 by Afandi, this depicts EMP

Laskar people who are observing

a map of guerrilla preparations,

1949 by Dullah, this depicts

the atmosphere of the fighters with

their various activities before leaving for

guerrilla warfare, this painting became the cover of the

book Under the Flag of the Revolution volume 1

by

Soekarno, comrades of the revolution

1947, a painting by S Soejjono painted in the midst of the

physical revolution contains

portraits of various figures from child

artists to soldiers, most of the

figures in this painting are the

faces of his fellow Senan

brides, the 1955 revolution,

Hendraaas revolution, now the painting

has been designated as a

national cultural heritage object, one of the

famous and monumental works of art during the

Revolution is a poster entitled Bung a

Kya, a painter and collaboration with Pukis

as a model for the image and the poet Kiril

Anwar who contributed text in the field of

acting, the artists also took

part in Prihatini 2015, indicating that

the relocation of the capital of Indonesia to

Yogyakarta was an important point in the

development of acting during the revolution,

the artists repeatedly fled

with the people and other fighters,

they expressed this experience through

drama and art

as well as entertainment for

the people, bercer which was staged in

Semarang, Aan

berakoara

dariautyam

ist and

jayusumaend

yogar

huyahan per yang

pintu Baratayuda and Tidurlah anakku in

the field of music, propaganda songs

became the spirit burner for the people and

the fighters, the song Maju Tak Gentar and the

joyful cheers were created by

Cornel Simanjuntak at the beginning of the

revolution, the two songs This was born in the

context of the battle of Indonesian Youth

against the Dutch and allies who were not

balanced in terms of weapons equipment.

Maju Tak Gentar and Bagimu Negeri

tried to motivate the struggle of

Indonesian youth in defending the homeland. The

songs of struggle also functioned

as reminders of revolutionary events,

for example the song halo-halo Bandung by

Ismail Marzuki which recorded the

Bandung Lautan Api incident during the revolution.

The writers participated in the struggle by

producing works that were able to enrich the

experience of instilling awareness and

fostering sensitivity.

One of the productive authors during the

revolution was Pramudia

Anantaat. Between

1947 and

1957, he had produced novels and

several collections of short stories set during the

revolution. Some of them were like the

head of NICA

1946, the gill family

1950, he who surrendered 1951

and not a night market

1951. Besides Pram, there was also Idrus who

wrote a work entitled from Ave Maria to

another road to Rome

1948. This book is a collection of

stories from the Japanese occupation

to the physical revolution, including

Surabaya from AV Maria,

another road to Rome,

the role of students and university students. The

Dutch desire to regain control of

Indonesia gave rise to the commitment of the entire

community to defend

independence, including student groups

in July

1945 Junior high and high school students

in Surabaya in July 1945 pledged

to fight to defend

Indonesian independence on September 25,

1945 in Yogyakarta a general meeting was held

which was attended by students from Java

and Madura. In September

1945 Magelang students formed a

secondary school which later became the

Indonesian Student Association. The

formation of

student associations in Indonesia

showed the growing sense of patriotism of

Indonesian students.

Indonesia

IPI when the center of government moved to

Yogyakarta. IPI administrators also took

refuge in the capital. Recently,

IPI members wanted their

own combat troops from student groups.

Therefore, IPI formed the

MPP student defense headquarters which was a

branch of the defense section. MPP had

three regiments spread across East Java,

Central Java and West Java on July 17,

1946 at Pingit field in Yogyakarta. Major

General

Doctor, in addition to routine

marching and national defense exercises, this Student Army

also actively carried out its role

as students when the situation was critical

and state duties called for it. Immediately,

these intellectual troops changed their role to

become student soldiers during the

Dutch Military Aggression 2. The Indonesian Student Army

entered the ranks of the

17th Indonesian National Armed Forces Brigade under the control of the

Javanese command headquarters,

MBKD. The existence of the Student Army was

officially disbanded in early

1951, but the active role of students as the

next generation in defending

and filling independence has always been

timeless.