QUIMICA - HIBRIDACIÓN Y GEOMETRÍA MOLECULAR

Very good guys, how are you? Very good

Good afternoon everyone. Now we're going to...

to begin with the class today

Today's class is a

in-depth analysis of the linking chapter

then a chemist to make sure and

to be able to progress well. Let's practice a

A little bit about Lewis structures

which is important because if this part

We don't control it, we don't handle it well

We're going to have difficulties in the

understanding of what is

hybridization and what geometries are

of a molecule then you have to do

First, let's practice this part

Let's see how it's done

a structure, for example, for this

substance to be seen

a simple one, the most basic of all

The water molecule and its structure. How

it is achieved

What I want right now is

aim for the technique, the technique that

we will use to get to

the Lewis structure that corresponds

This molecule called water is this, look

The first thing you're going to do is tell me

With how many electrons

the atom in question reaches its

Stability. That's what we'll call it.

simplified octet

Tell me about hydrogen, hydrogen with

How many electrons reach its

stability

someone with seven extra since

It only has one valence electron, that is

with seven. Oh, here comes the detail

Guys, what's up, gentlemen?

With two, the thing is there's a list

exceptional that we have to have it in

mind. What is this, for example, the

hydrogen and helium, those two atoms, are not

They reach stability with 8, not them

They only have two electrons

stability is reached in its outermost layer

For example, beryllium and magnesium

They don't become happy with 8 no

them with four

While aluminum, boron, and

They become happy with tin

six

any other atom that is not in this

list, that is, the rest, the remaining atoms

They reach stability with 8 this

Information is vital

essential for you to be able to answer Al

Tap Ah. This information is here, please.

record it

So, knowing this, hydrogen with

How many are you happy? Tell me.

with two, but they are two hydrogens

then you have to multiply by two

because they are two hydrogens

Add to that the oxygen, how many is it?

Happy, the oxygen isn't here, it's not here

Nor here. So the oxygen is

in the others and oxygen with How Much

You make me happy then

with eight with eight with eight but

There is only one oxygen. Only he

puts his male already this here itself are

the electrons

that we need to get to the

stability How many are there in total throughout

The molecule would be 4.8 12 the calculation is

It's very simple. Now, the second thing you're going to do is...

to do is calculate

I repeat, these here are the electrons.

necessary for stability in change

These here are the electrons of

valence the group is the electrons of

Valencia already, and the group, well, it's the group

of the periodic table. Well, in which group?

Where is hydrogen from the table in What

group is

It is important that you have the table of the

Ah, hydrogen. What group is it in?

It's in group one, you just put it

just one, but since there are two

hydrogens always need to be doubled

plus oxygen. Which group is it in?

6 6 How much does this give me?

8 What do I do with these two values?

Do you know what to do with these two values?

What you're going to do is subtract them and take them out

Tell me what half of them comes out by subtracting them and

Taking half, what is the result?

two truths agreed two What does it mean

we have two links

covalent. That means. Then

We are doing a calculation of

links, that is, it's important, gentlemen.

that you know how to calculate the links

the number of links that the

the water molecule of this

In a simple and practical way you will obtain the

number of links within that

molecule, that's vital, so we do

this

You draw oxygen in the center because the

The one that is in a smaller quantity is the one that goes

usually in the center and the hydrogens

hydrogen surrounds the oxygen

accompanying the oxygen

So we're supposed to

connect the peripheral atoms to the atom

which is the center and you connect them through

From the link, well, there are the links and

I'm only including two links because I already have them.

I knew there were two links to place

There are no more

You must remember each link you see.

chemical bonds

What do chemical bonds represent?

In short, chemical bonds are

What are two of them?

electrons then each stick you see

This stick has a covalent bond.

It's a covalent bond. And these sticks

They have two electrons inside then

we had said that hydrogen with

How happy are you? Tell me how happy you are.

happy

With two, with two. There it is, then, they're already there.

This stick represents two of these two.

Electrons are already happy. It's hydrogen.

It also has its two, but tell me how it is.

oxygen in this form, how is it

He's sad because he's sad because

It has two here and two there, that's four and

How many should oxygen have? 8 8 Already

So how much longer until...

Happiness is missing those four.

You symbolize them with

each hospital represents four aspects

an electron is oxygen with its 8

and each hydrogen with two electrons

electrons with two electrons this of

Here's the one who still doesn't have Clara

This here is called a Lewis structure

That is the representation that Lewis

He proposed for a molecule. That little thing.

We need to master it. So let's go

practice a little bit on structures

You already have more or less a model so that

Let's continue with that.

Look here

Let's see what the structure would be like.

structure of this substance for example

We're going to put it here

this substance

I want the structure of this substance

Okay, let's begin. What's the first thing?

that you will get, that you will calculate

The object, no. I mean, how many is happy with it?

Tell me the carbon with how much you make me happy

How many electrons makes him happy?

They don't all shout at the same time

How many electrons does carbon have?

happy

Well, carbon isn't here or anywhere else

Not here, not here. So it's in the others.

with eight

But how many hydrogens are happy with?

hydrogen

But there are three hydrogens, so why?

three plus chlorine with How much do you make happy

Calculate how much this line gives you.

22 22

Now let's get to the group

In which group is carbon?

four

Which group is hydrogen in?

in the one but there are three more hydrogens

Chlorine in which group is seven to seven

addition

14 14 what do you do with these values

How much do you have to subtract and take half of?

It gives you that

The difference is 8, not half of that, which is 4.

This means that we have that molecule

four links that place that is

This is important, it will be useful to you. Oh, four already.

links that place So let's go

place the four links

in this type of organic substance the

carbon goes to the center

carbon usually at the center

hydrogen atoms surround the carbon

and chlorine plays the role of another

hydrogen is not a substituent then

Here's chlorine at the cost of carbon.

We need to connect the atoms

peripherals to the atom from the center to the atom

central that connects through

links through electronic pairs

And since there are four links, well then

It coincides, then.

No, teacher. What would have happened if I had been here?

I would have gotten five in that case, you

connect connect connect connect connect with

Four. The fifth one is the one you're missing.

You have to put it somewhere

This means that a double link would appear.

That's not the case, but it's possible.

in other substances

So that's what this count is for.

to know if you're going to include double links or

Triple bonds are for that purpose.

Tell me, hydrogen, how happy are you?

with two, this little stick means two

electrons each stick of two electrons

This means that hydrogen is already happy.

that hydrogen is in the same form

happy is happy carbon is happy or

I don't know how many, with eight. Here there are two, two.

And two is with his eight, you're happy but

Tell me what this chlorine is like

He's happy, teacher, he has eight, no chlorine.

Just as you see it, this chlorine isn't happy.

He has two in sight, he has two but he must

Having eight, therefore you have to

attach the blades so that it is now

Happy, that is. That's the representation.

That's correct, that's what you have to do

That's it, and that structure is finished.

You have to take into account, for example,

that these are free electrons and

These are bonding electrons you

You have to learn how to place the

bonding electrons through the

sticks that are the links and the

free electrons that can be of this

the way I'm placing it with blades

Or they can also be like this, look

each pair of electrons

you can place it like this

They are also not free electrons because

They don't link anything because they don't. While

This, this, and this, and this do bond atom

It's done. Let's see if we can make progress.

We're not live, who's on?

asking those things

He's asking who's going to see some guys.

Second, there are people in the channel who are

asking questions what emotion is my

first live broadcast on the channel

I think it's already deleted.

Henry Llottop Falcon says it's recorded

No, it's not recorded, Henry, we're live.

We're live, we're with Los Chicos

From the semester uni with them we are

making the topic of hybridization and

Molecular geometry But before we enter

From the box to the hybridization part I have

that

to make sure we're okay

Be careful with the structures, otherwise

We are finished with structures, we are going to

So, to have a stagnation, let's see in the

Ozone case, something quick, guys.

You have it. Ah, let's get to the object, you tell me.

How many? How many is oxygen happy with?

with eight, but there are three oxygens

Multiplying this by three gives 24 if I'm not mistaken

adding subtracting or multiplying

Please correct me

Which group is oxygen in?

The result is 18, so what is the difference between

two

Three, three, that means we have three

links Look how this turns out

Good oxygen. This is called ozone.

ozone

It is made up of three oxygen atoms; there they are.

your three oxygens, obviously one of them

They're going to be the central atom, let's go

to connect the peripheral atoms to

central atom that connects through

covalent bonds are already present

connected but the teacher is placed two

links and there have to be three What

means there is a third link that

It's going to be superimposed on top of this.

So we won't have what we had in the past.

previous cases simple links that are

Just a little stick will appear here

Our first double link. There it is.

Teacher, I put it on the other side too.

You can put it wherever you want, wherever you like best.

You like it, you put it there then.

What else am I asking? Is he happy?

You're happy just the way you see it.

in this way

Here there are two two two eight because the

Oxygen is happy with a lot of this oxygen

He's not happy either; he has four children.

Four are missing for that, there are the

each stick represents four and

the one in the center, the central atom, there it is.

And everyone's happy now. That's what you call it.

Lewis structure, an additional piece of information

every time you come across oxygen

with an oxygen that is listening the

oxygen is alone; there is no other atom.

He is alone and connected to the link.

simply usually

that simple link becomes a

simple dative link

Instead, look at the other side, here I have a

Oxygen is also alone. But not

is with a simple link is with a link

double There is no dative case then middle

that the double cancels the datives is the

function of the double in some way the

datives generate stability in the

substance, that's why it's double what

It does is suppress datives

That's called structures, let's go with

Look at this one.

There it is

We're going to build the structure right away.

Lewis diagram for this substance

First, the object speaks.

Tell me about the operation

No, no, please don't all shout at once.

first, how much sulfur

Lower the camera, you think you'll see it this way

The sulfur friend is neither here nor here nor

neither here nor here nor here nor here. So it is

in the others with their cheese with eight me

I communicate in the group that sulfur is the

Oxygen is not on that list either.

So it's also with eight then, but

It's two oxygens times two. How much?

that operation comes out

24

now at group level at group level

In which group are sulfur and oxygen?

They're in the same group. Which group is that?

six

six but since they are two short oxygens

how much are we talking about

From 18 you have to subtract and take half

How much does that give you?

There are three links too, it has

This molecule. Then draw the atom.

that is in small proportion goes to the center

and the oxygens, which are two, that are in

Put the majority on the sides

on the sides, on the periphery

The peripheral atoms need to be connected

or the central atom, for that you use the

covalent bonds but so far

I'm using two to connect it.

The minimum I can use is two, but

It says here that it has to be three of those

This implies that one of them will be

The one here can be double

Remember that the missing electrons

Each one is happy with eight so that he

I have 8. I need four more for him to have 8.

I have eight, I'm missing two, and for him to have eight

I have 8, I'm missing

We're all good, remember that each

The stick, yellow or red, there are two

The yellow ones are electrons

free and red bonding electrons

very good

Is that it, or is something missing?

structure

Here it is, or is something missing, you tell me.

what is missing

a clear dative is missing a dative here

Well, I told you the oxygen should be alone.

Because he is alone, but he has to be.

with the single bond the double

It makes it impossible to place datives here, but

Here it is, just with simple then

Your complete structure remains

Let's try one a little more

We're going to create the structure of...

this one here

carbonic acid, let's see.

we begin

calculate the octet speak

How much do you make hydrogen happy?

But there are two, so we need to double the...

Carbon How much does it take to be happy

eight

And this oxygen is happy with eight, but

It's three oxygens times three you can

Tell me how much is there

come on

Now let's move on to the groups

Another way to say it is reminiscent of the octet

These are the electrons needed for the

The stability of the group is due to the electrons

suddenly from Valencia in some books

You show them this way, to see the group in What

group is hydrogen

I am one but there are two hydrogens

In which group is carbon?

four four a single carbon a single

Four in which group is oxygen?

We saw it on the sixth, but there are three.

how much all that gives you

Let's see, subtract and take half, how much do you get?

gives

No, six, those are six links. It has six.

covalent bonds we begin look

in a substance that begins with

hydrogen ends with oxygen and the

The center has a non-metal, usually A

unless it's an amphoteric

in that type of substance the atom that

It is in the center, it is the central atom

the oxygen atoms, which in this case are three.

surround the central atom

and the hydrogens are not connected to the atom

The central unit is not connected to the oxygen supply.

So, since I have three oxygens and two

Connect hydrogen wherever you want

Wherever you like, you can put it there.

It appeals to both the left and the right

all atoms are supposed to have

to follow a path towards the center and

That path is link one two

Let's go downtown

1, 2, and here's one more, and that's it. How many?

links I just used

five five and how many links should there be

Six, one is missing, right? One is missing

that missing link usually where

It's placed, you know where it's placed, where

allow me to suppress datives

For example

Tell me, is this oxygen connected to...?

through a simple link, a stick

Would this simple link be a

dative speaks

No. Why not? Because I told you that

oxygen must be alone, it is alone

Oxygen is not with hydrogen, that's why

that there will no longer be a dative case there

In the same way, this link won't be either.

relative, but this link here does

I'm leaving the oxygen as you see it.

alone and with the simple link, this would be

a dative

So what we need to look for is the

The stability of the substance is to ensure

that there are no datives

I have six links and I just

How many fives do I need for the sixth?

I can place that sixth teacher because

For example, you can put your opinion here.

Why not? Why is it impossible? Because

hydrogen with four hydrogen per

That hydrogen. How happy does it make you?

two two and with this how much would I have

That's illogical; you can't interrupt.

happiness came so abruptly

It can't be hydrogen. So this

You can't go here or here. Then you

There are three places left, it could be here.

to be here can be here and all three are

valid. But where is it usual?

It is recommended to place it here to remove

the corresponding dative

Teacher, if I put it here, would that be okay?

Well, it would be a slightly different substance

unstable, but not bad either.

That's the recommendation, let's finish.

He's already happy to finish, so he can do it.

Be happy, you already have four and as you should.

to be with eight happiness for him happiness

for him and happiness for him and carbon

She is already happy with her eight. This is the

final structure the Lewis structure

for that substance

Everything's fine up to that point.

some trauma psychosis Shop is understood

Let's begin, and tell me

with this method to determine

the links

Excuse me again, I ask, who was it that

This method was determined to find the

links

Who determined this here?

There's a little trap coming because there's another one

no way

This is an informal, friendly method.

because there is another method which is the method

further

more correct, more formal, and that other one

The method is infallible, no. I mean, not anymore.

There is a substance that resists that

method, but the problem with that method is

which is a very analytical method

For example, look at what it would be like, let's go

to make the ozone structure

through the analytical method

look

Ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms.

I'm not going to do any calculations or anything.

Ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms.

Each oxygen has six electrons

Valencia because they belong to group six

for those who don't know the group number

coincides with the electrons of the

periphery of the last level of the atom in

The question is, how is the group? It has six.

peripheral electrons called

valence electrons and they are the

who participate in the links because they

So he has six.

valence electrons

He has 6 valence electrons and he

has endurance

and he has six valence electrons

and I'm arranging them in a way

quite capricious so that I can

it seems logical and the links don't

The analysis we're going to do here, look at it.

It assumes that each oxygen is happy with

eight

Then let's make these two happy

oxygen will immediately be shared

in this way

The two of them are going to share, as he has

He's going to share these two with six.

Elevar will share it and he does it

He shares that with those two.

in such a way that this oxygen no longer has

He has six, these six plus the two that he

They have shared, he has eight, and he said Of

Similarly, it has its six originals.

plus the two that have been lent to him, he has

eight, and that's the goal, to reach

Let them have eight. That's their magic number.

of happy and stable happiness but he did not

It might be sad, that's okay then

That's when you think and say, "Okay."

so that they are happy but for

Let's do this so he's happy

He's going to use these two he has.

lend

so that these two never stop

to be his because he's not giving her one

He's lending them out, they still belong to him.

But now they are also part of it.

his six and he has two that have

borrowed 8 then

888 What would the structure be like?

The structure would be like this:

It would be like that with the dative; those are links.

normal and their free electrons now

to do this analysis

in an entrance exam in which

battles against time don't affect you

I recommend not

You ask me, what is the name of the

Well, author, that's a technique, it doesn't have

a particular name at least not it

I know, but this training does have a

The author is Gilbert Newton Lewis.

No, he proposed this formation, this form.

to establish criteria for the

stability of atoms through

Valencia errors This is how

That is the correct and formal way.

The one I'm showing you is the way

informal so they do it quickly

Let's do one last one, just one last one.

for

Okay guys, you're there, you're following me.

And thank you.

Okay, okay, José, we're here.

Our coordinator is accompanying us

Joshua Santa Maria

Well

Here José, you're telling me with the camera

Thank you very much Josué, the boys...

they want

Let's make one more molecule, let's see

one one I'm looking here some let's go

Let's see which one I'll try.

Let's see what you can do to us.

Let's see, let's do this as an example.

substance

already

This thing here is a John, it's an anion

to be exact

And if I want to do the Lewis structure

It can also be done in the other year.

The world can be made, but how is it done?

Lewis structure, look, let's go

to cheat

We want the Lewis structure

of this anion of this year

but to become the structure of

Lewis, from that plane, first we're going to do

the Lewis structure of the acid De

where does that anion come from?

Professor, what is that acid and what is the technique?

This is this negative number, you're going to

convert it into hydrogen and you're going to

Place it like this minus two. There would be two.

hydrogens and add it

there

What I'm simply doing is

I turn this negative charge into a

number of hydrogens and I'll attach it now

is and make the Lewis structure of

Okay, now we can

Okay, let's get to the quick item.

Check if I'm not mistaken, 2 times 2 = 8 8

x 2 help me with the calculation

24 with 4 28 speaks everything well

I'm terrible at operating, so please

Help me Ah hydrogen group one with two

carbon 4 and oxygen is group 6 with 2

This gives you 18, everything's fine so far so good, friends.

we are

How many links from here

five teacher the subtraction between two five

Five links already, but watch out for the one that

She has five links, that's her because I'm

I had dinner there, it has five links

So let's begin this from here.

A clear acid is an oxoacid like

That one here is similar to the same

family where I told you about the atom of

The center goes to the center, the oxygens

surround the central atom and the hydrogens

surround the oxygen atoms, that is, they accompany them

the oxygens

Everything has to be connected to the

center You connect everything towards the center

Everything towards the sky, very good this

We have guaranteed four links.

but they have to be how much they have to

There are five links. So I ask

Where is the fifth link?

show here

No, there are only two left here either.

Well, you put it where you want it.

I like the right one better.

and completes its electrons, there it is

There it is, there it is, and everything ended happily.

to finish the structure of this

substance but I don't want the

structure of this I want from this

This one isn't what I want. So you're going to

reverse the procedure

so that this becomes this what

you have done

hydrogen. Then the other way around so that

Do this again, this is what you should do

opposite

take him away take him away but you are

lifting the hydrogen its pair that that

that link becomes a free pair

The link that was here becomes a

match and attaches a detail that so that

to look elegant, not to stand out.

load puts its bracket on it and loads it into

the thing is you notice me

because each hydrogen like the

hydrogens have a proton because the

The hydrogen nucleus has only one

proton at the moment of removing this

hydrogen you are removing a proton that

It's a positive charge here too, another one

another positive charge when the proton is removed

two positive charges this becomes

minus two basically the logic of the

electrical charges. And that's the structure.

Very well, gentlemen, we have done a

a quick review of how to make one

Lewis structure is important that

Keep this in mind. Take a screenshot of

Screenshot this and please have your table

periodically use your hand to be able to do

Rapid structures will reach a point

of the class in which I am going to put you

the front-end structure

So you're supposed to already know about

where it comes from and how I calculate it very well

Now we're going to get straight to the topic of

Today, since it's hybridization, we're going to delete one.

a little

It's already on YouTube

The YouTube guys are asking

chemistry

orgasmic

organic ok

Let's see, well, no. I want to go in

Order by order, let's begin.

the most frequent live streams

Now then

First we're going to do what we usually do

People like the method, the path

I'll briefly explain the practical method so I can

We'll understand it quickly and then we'll give it rigor.

and an explanation of what we are doing

look

We're going to talk about hybridization.

Today's chapter, or as some call it...

hybridization, what is it?

hybridization or hybridization

I'll ask you one thing

Before seeing chemical bonding, you have

having seen the chapter on the periodic table and

Before the periodic table, you have

having seen the chapter on atomic theory and

within the chapter on atomic theory

There's a section where they talk about the cloud.

electronics and quantum numbers hence

The orbital is mentioned, do you remember what

orbital is you know tell me

Which orbital do you know? Tell me about it.

the B orbital the diffuse orbital the

fundamental orbital fundamental and

theoretically hypothetically there are more

orbitals No the gel orbital H no

because an orbital depends on the sublevel

in which there is a sublevel has a

set of orbitals those orbitals

match the sublevel name if

the sublevel is sharp will have orbitals if

the sublevel is main or p the

The orbitals that will be there are of the p type.

principal orbitals

if the sublevel is the fuzzy type

orbitals that are there are orbitals

diffuse orbitals of so-and-so

What teacher, a sub-level p, there can't be

orbitals of no, that's not possible, that's

impossible

These orbitals that you have already seen and

whose geometric shapes of some

the way you remember they are called

pure orbitals

Those are the cigars.

Now, what shape does the s orbital have?

do you agree

Do you remember or not?

Don't you remember? No, you see a little circle.

This one here is a little ball, it's an orbital

spherical, whereas this one consists of two small balls

bilobed orbital, this one here, there are four

balls teacher four balls clear

Also, within this there are two

varieties

There is one that is two balls

and her piercing

a ring and this one here does have others

non-octolobular forms another type of

Forms of this are already for pleasure.

This is enough.

These are the shapes of pure orbitals

use hybridization

hybridization if you place it in the

dictionary hybridization a hybrid a

A hybrid is a crossbreed, a mixture of two

things no, that's a hybrid

which will share a characteristic of

both

not for example

Uh, for example

Hey, you knew the guys who've had

His farm workers know very well that when

They raise their livestock, they have their sheep, their

goats, their cows, their horses and their

Donkeys, sometimes the horse is mischievous, you

You don't tie your little horse up properly and he

The horse is mischievous. Look for the donkey.

no, she's shorter and the horse

taking advantage of the size, the little donkey steps

The donkey gets pregnant by the horse and

What is born is a hybrid that is no longer even

donkey or horse

They share characteristics of both and

They've titled that little animal in the

chakras not in a colloquial way mule le

They've put "The mule, not the mule, crosses"

between the horse and the donkey that has

characteristics of both but it is not the

same no

What happens is that hybridization has to do with it

So, with that, it's about crossing over, mixing things.

But what things, what things that

You're going to mix things up to talk about hybridization

They are pure orbitals when orbitals are mixed

Pure orbitals are what you'll get.

Hybrids, that's what's happening

What teacher are you telling me about?

I can mix these two, but because

Of course you can mix them and

Mixing a pure orbital with others

pure p orbitals what you will get

They are hybrid orbitals that will

Some will be called SP, others will be called

sp2 and another one are called sp3

When you see SP sp2 sp3 that means

that you are dealing with hybrid orbitals

It means that they have been mixed together.

combined have hybridized

pure s&p type orbitals and if

I encounter the orbital

sp3d alla means that there have been

mixed St and d orbitals also

profisiveo

sp3d2 too, and so on until

that p3 of 5

And theoretically there are even more non-SP

three out of five

fp 3D 5f and so on, those are

orbitals

hybrids have been mixed there

orbitals, which is pointing out, good

That means from now on

Let's be clear about what the

Hybridization: What is a mixture?

combination

the mixing of pure orbitals to form

new orbitals now called hybrids

Teacher, why does this happen? Why does this happen?

This mixture is necessary because

when an atom

it will chemically bond with another

this atom

is being prepared

the atom is excited, it is prepared

their orbitals to receive the

electrons from the other and what it does

This atom, what this atom does is if

I am an atom that has orbitals

different In my orbital periphery s&p

In my periphery, then, what I do is

if I am going to combine with another atom

I grab my orbitals which are pure and the

I combine

obtaining hybrid Y orbitals from that

This is how I prepare to receive them

electrons from the other atom that is going to

So, combine them with 1000, that's how it works.

Remember, hybridization is the mixing of the

combination of pure orbitals for

form new hybrid orbitals But

why, why, when the atoms

chemically bond the atom

prepared to receive the electrons

from the other

What's the advantage if I ask you about

energetic example

This orbital has the same energy as

The answer is no, it doesn't have the

same energy but when they hybridize

when orbitals combine

Hybrids have a quality. What is it?

that they do have the same energy

chemistry in the same size they have

same characteristics and that's it

important for the link to occur

chemical

I don't know if you understand me, I don't know if we're...

Okay, so far so good. Say hi if we're okay.

Have you understood me, or I don't feel...

Yes, professor.

Please don't forget that hybridizing

That's good; it's combining pure orbitals.

to obtain new orbitals called

hybrids that will have characteristics

They're going to have very special energy

same size with the lens and the

purpose of so that when the atoms

They get together and prepare in that way

hybridizing if I am an atom and Joshua

It's another atom and we're going to bond.

chemically

For this to work, I need my atoms to...

They're pure, I have to use them for

prepare them for the electrons that he

I'm going to borrow it, that's how it works

Alright gentlemen, there it is, that's the

hybridization concept now we go into

the practical part and from there we do

some specific theoretical cases look

How is it calculated, because that's what the

Most people search not how I calculate

the type of hybridization

the type

hybridization

How do I calculate that? You already need to have

taking into account that the hybridizations that

I am interested

These are the ones: this one, this one, and this one. Finally, the others.

The others don't ask questions on the exams.

The others occur. Well, in one case

especially when the octet is expanded

when the atoms that should form a

a maximum of four links form five or

six links and that's called an object

expanded where they exceed eight

valence electrons and form 10 12 14

valence electrons

Those cases are very rare, aren't they, you guys?

They apply to university, for example, they

They could ask about another case.

I think so. That's why I'm going to make some.

There are examples of that, but it's rare.

That proportion hasn't been questioned much.

More questions are asked about these three here

So that's the first part I'm going to

explain what they ask about most often

How can I tell the type of

hybridization through structure of

Lewis simple

They're going to give you a molecule, what

You're going to make the molecule its

Lewis structure, let's imagine that

I draw the central atom and I draw the

peripheral atoms there it is

There it is

I connect it, I connect it, I connect it

another Lewis structure that comes to

The mind can be that, look.

I will only use it in this case

two peripheral atoms he with bond

double and he too with the double link

another structure that can also

appear to be another Lewis structure because

An example would be this central atom.

Here I'm going to put, for example, three

peripheral atoms joined through

single bond and here a pair of electrons

Free. There it is. Well, another teacher, another one.

This could be a central atom

two peripheral atoms and well two pairs

free and here United in this way

teacher, there will be another one, of course.

Of course there are several structures that

we have seen there could be no other.

This is simply not the central atom two

peripheral atoms single bond bond

triple

And so I could continue with several models.

several structures already one of the

questions that are often asked are

that you learn to calculate the

hybridization of the central atom, that is, how

are the atoms hybridized

orbitals of the central atom

And this is how it's calculated, look.

when will hybridization be sp2 when

have two connected atoms

nothing else

When will that P2 be when you have three?

connections and SP3 when you have four

connections

the s&p two sp2 connections three

sp3 connections four connections

teacher And as I remember, there are some

Some might do this, but it doesn't add up.

alleged exponents that are here

algebraically that are not exponents

We know that's not the case, but one more

One is two. Well, one plus two is three. And...

one plus three equals four

Two connectors are already reflected here, look

Watch how I do it

How many connectors does the central atom have?

Tell me how many they have

Okay, please, don't all shout at once.

How many connectors does the central atom have?

has

three three then if there are three

connectors the hybridization of the atom

central or of the orbitals that it has

The central atom is sp2, there is nothing more

that

That's all, teacher.

How many connectors does this central atom have?

Tell me how many connectors does it have?

Four, four, it doesn't have two, nothing more. Ah

Professor, you don't consider the double link.

No, I'm not interested, I'm not interested if it is

simple double triple or dative not me

I'm interested in what it's about.

Connected. That's what interests me.

So he's connected to two.

If it is 2, then its hybridization of this

central atom how much is

That's fine, you follow me.

We're good, friends, yes.

people are

No, no. Let's see, let's see, look. This, look.

Look, look

How many connectors does he have?

3 1 2 3 4 What teacher are you

considering the electron pair as

a connector Yes, so it would have one, two, three

four if it has four then its

Hybridization. What type is it?

Speak then. Listen, what kind of hybrid is he?

There, teacher. I mean, the connectors can

to be either atoms or exact goods

There, teacher, I'm not interested in the double or the

No, I'm not interested in that, it's not included.

analysis, for example, what hybridization here

has the central atom please

sp2 or sp3

that

p very good that fart she's connected

There are no pairs with just two atoms.

I'm not free anymore. Only two, nothing.

More teacher but it has triple What you

matters

Let's see what hybridization this one has

Clear MP3

sp3 Why are there two atoms? There go two

connectors and are two pairs of electrons

free each pair is one more connector

So one two three four would be SP

three

Calculating hybridization is nothing of the sort

Another world, guys, it's quite

simple

So

With this, I want you to give yourself

realize and understand that to do the

calculation of the hybridization of the atom

central, or rather, knowing what kind of

hybridization have the orbitals of

central atom

or of any atom in general I

I need a Lewis structure. Clara

the one who makes a Lewis structure

A poorly done Lewis representation won't work

to achieve good hybridization in

That's the issue, that's why

Before I embark on hybridization, you

I explained, I gave you a reminder of what they are like

How are the structures assembled? Well, no.

So now I think we can

to move forward with the problems we have

see

For example

exercise number 3 of its separate document the

exercise number three of the separate sheet already

We can answer: Well, let's see, I don't think so.

They're going to look at me, but we're going to do the

problem number three

You can't see it, but I'll turn the camera.

because here our friend Joshua has gone to

service

There's an emergency.

already

exercise number 3 is an exercise

quite generous because it provides you

Lewis structures already

For example, here they give me this, look

They give me oxygen and the following

No links. There is a double link here.

Here there are

free pair over here free pair over here a

electron here and a match over here

It's a famous odd molecule, Joshua

Do you think you can take a screenshot of

screens to the exercises without the key

marked

Save it as an image, number them one by one

the two, the three, and you upload it with the obs

so that it can be seen here

We have exercise 3 for those of us

They follow the YouTube channel

The exercises are available at a link.

They are in the community section, no

I put it there, but I've also put it in

him and in the description of this video

It's also being shown on this live stream.

Its address is a link. Click on it and

There you download the material for problem three

They give me that material generously

these structures

If there, they don't even give you the structure.

So you can do it. I mean, it's already done.

The structure is already in place.

Let's see, here it is like this

So

Here it is like this and like that

Here we have

free pairs here we have

free pairs

Here too, super free, and here's your parishioner.

It's free now

What are they asking me to do? They're asking me to determine the

hybridization of nitrogen and oxygen

carbon respectively of nitrogen of

he of the oxygen of the oxygen that they have me

marked here. This one here and carbon

that's marked here, my penis is

hybridizations of the three of them, no teacher

But here in the exercise I'm seeing

that they marked it here by mistake

obviously the ball has moved, not the

The ball should be in nitrogen just like that

the text says

Okay then, simple.

What is hybridization?

of hybrid speech of which

Let me help you with your homework. Here's a

atom, I'm not interested in the link. Ah, here.

There's one atom already. Here are a couple.

free called and this one here electron is

The third one also counts as three. If

Whether you see one electron or two counts as one.

three then friend if he has three

connectors What type of hybridization is it

speaks

I'm just asking you on a whim and

What, in your opinion, would be the hybridization of

this oxygen, don't ask me about it

exercise but I want to do it Which ones

They should also, why teacher, because

Here we have one atom on the side and two

free pairs are three connectors

let's see

What hybridization does this oxygen have?

Sure, one atom here, another atom over there, and

Two free pairs are four connectors

sp3 hybridization

It follows me, it follows me, that doesn't follow me.

Let's see what this oxygen would be like.

hybridization

sp2 would clearly be one pair, another pair, and one

atom would be sp23 connectors

out of curiosity and this nitrogen that

hybridization has

hydrogen

It does not fulfill the hybridization requirement, of course.

hydrogen

It has pure vital gold in hydrogen

there is no hybridization

The load is more, you realize because

only one non-O atom is connected

there is no hybridization

the hydrogens the orbitals of the

hydrogens in a combination in a

chemical bond does not civilize

It's so you have it for your book.

See here which hybridization

add the yellow color

and from it, from this nitrogen

and from this hydrogen

No

They might ask you, no

in all molecules all atoms

of the molecule civilize Not here because

For example, in this molecule, hydrogen does not

sterilized only the orbitals

Of these three atoms, yes, they are hybrids.

but

He doesn't have another detail in a molecule, all

The atoms have the same hybridization

Not here, that fart.

Everything good, friends? What would the answer be?

in question number three then

SP no

Sorry, SP2, SP2 and SP. What's the key?

Hybridization is nothing out of the ordinary

world Of course this problem has been

very generous because they are

already providing the structures not

But let's get to a problem where you don't...

They provide structures, for example, the

Problem four, tell me Joshua, what problem?

You have it, it's showing itself.

maximum problem four. So look

This is problem 4, friends.

In problem 4 I am given this substance

I think I already did it. Oh, we already did it.

I've already practiced, they ask me to indicate the

Hybridization of the central atom How is it

This does good

as testing first objects for

Do it. Touch happiness with two for

Two more of us are building the structure

But they don't give me structure, I have to

Making it, not carbon, is happy with eight.

And the oxygen there is happy with eight

Yes, but there are three oxygens.

when it gives you

28 Talk to me, I think I'm confused, group

It's one but there are two groups, the carbon is

four you can verify it to the whole

periodic table and oxygen group is six

But what does three times three give you?

help me

I'm fine today, no, no

I'm operating incorrectly, no

Help, then. Listen to this.

You see, I almost got together.

And here I am, here when it's the 24th. No.

How much longer will this take?

Subtraction is the technique, well...

Subtract 12, half of twelve, six. There are six.

So the three bonds would be carbon.

oxygens surrounding the carbon and the

hydrogens that always have to go to

oxygen side

What oxygen are you talking about, not me?

I've decided on these two here

We do not connect to the central atom

we connect to the central atom or the

We removed the atoms, I placed five

There must be six links. The sixth one goes to

here to suppress the dative potential

that will appear there. Very good.

free pairs he has

Not his two for free, he also has

two free pairs he has no walls

free because he's already eight and he

It already has two free pairs.

Let's ask what hybridization is.

of this oxygen

which

We already know that hydrogens...

hybridize the hybridization of this

How much oxygen is there?

sp3

What hybridization does this oxygen have?

And what hybridization do you have of this carbon?

between two

Okay, but of all of them, who is the

the central atom is carbon, therefore not its

hybridization would be sp2 the answer which

is

the key

You see, it's nothing out of the ordinary, you see.

which is something quite simple

Simple for those who know how to do it

Lewis structure not the one that does not have

strong the segment of the classes

previous ones that are the structures of

Lewis for good covalent substances

He's going to be limping on this issue.

obviously not

let's see

Let's see, let's see, let's see

Let's look at another problem where

Ask me about eyebrow hybridization.

number

number eight, for example, number

eight

Question eight, let's see Joshua, let's see

assist us with the eight on screen

maximum

In room 8 they give me three substances

They give me the CO2

They give me this water and they give me the one that

It's this one here

There are three substances they're giving me and I

they ask

What type of hybridization does it have?

oxygen in carbon dioxide in water and in

the phosphene. That is, it asks me for hybridization of the

Oxygen in all three cases, let's see how

playing then

No, the octet would be 8 carbon is happy

with 8 and oxygen is happy with eight

But there are two of them, this comes out

24-hour help and 24-hour group now the group

Carbon is group 4a and oxygen is group 4a

Six, but there are two. How much does that cost? Help!

16 is fine

You take the subtraction 8 divided by 2 4 4 links

Then we draw the one that is in less

proportion that is the carbon at the center

the ones with the highest proportion on the sides

surrounding the central

We always connect to the central terminal.

to the center and we're going two is the minimum that

We need to connect, but they must

then to be four

Distribute it evenly, then no, teacher

Why did he put it like that?

Yes, it might be, but something is generated.

Instability. You know why? Because here it is

It would form the dative case; we have to find a way.

That's why datives don't appear.

The technique would then be like this, so

delete that dative you follow me no

So that he's happy, he already has two and

Two makes four, he's happy with eight

Happiness is over for him, carbon dioxide is gone.

It has two, two and two, that makes eight.

Carbon is already happy, and this oxygen...

To make her happy, it would be like this, teacher.

I found it like this, well, that's the taste.

customer you can put the pair of the

That way you like is fine, no problem.

Or in the water, why would I?

Do all the calculations, you already know that

Water is like that, not oxygen with two

hydrogens

stick stick and oxygen has two

free pairs

and this substance here carbon to

oxygen center this way and two chlorines

Carbon always goes to the center and the

other substances surrounding the central Ya

now

Now let's see, let's do the calculation if

You want to know octet, tell me octet

88

And from the "but there are two" how much does all that give you?

32 truth

What group is he in?

four four group of six and group of

He's seven, but there are two.

for those who are still in the

In the clouds, the groups are the groups.

Romans in the periodic table

He is in group four to six and seven.

I'm only interested in the numerical value.

nothing else

That would be 10 with 14 24

What does that subtraction give you? 8, not half.

four links then it goes like this

one two three

Everything we're going to Central, tell me where

You place the fourth link where the

fourth link the oxygen clear what for

Why, but it's crazy, it's to suppress

that dative

And remember, oxygen is happy.

with 8

As each pair, each line, each link are

Two electrons are two and two are four

He needs four more to reach eight this

Carbon already has its eight count them and

Each chlorine has two, it needs six more to...

that it has or so that it is okay

represented

And that's it, we've finished all the

structures, I'll ask you what the

hybridization of this oxygen At first glance

two sp2 teachers from where each pair of

electrons are a connection and the atom to the

The side is another one, there are three sp2 connections

And what about this one here, out of curiosity?

This one here has hybridization

also like my question about hybridization

It doesn't matter what kind of oxygen it is.

It's going to be the same one, but this one

oxygen, what hybridization does it have

sp3 very well two connected atoms go

two connections and two free pairs

Plus, there would be two and two are four sp3

And what hybridization does this oxygen have?

etc., what is the answer then?

sp2 sp3 sp2 what is the key

The key to this question is to see the

YouTube guys

those people

those people attack attack battle Joshua

They're not understanding anything, and Lula Lula

Lula doesn't understand anything, he doesn't know what

It's happening, but it's there, present.

Thank you Lula

Guido

Guido asks, "How often will this happen?"

I'm going to do the live stream once a week.

week but only this once as

It's a special case with our

University friends, we're going to have five hours

marathon sessions because that's how you study in one

And I don't, guys.

There are 20 questions that were on the exam.

missions those who apply to San Marcos

For example, they need to know this, but

just what's necessary, not just up to that point.

I think so, but our uni friends...

They need to know the depth they must

I'll explain the

Why hybridization hasn't been explained to you

That's what I'm giving you the technique for

Doing the quick calculation is still missing

I'll get to the depth of the theory in a moment.

todelete

What's the key? Hey, you haven't told me what

The key is question 8

Okay, this is getting interesting.

Depending on the type of structure you have

not opposite, for example

We're going to ask question 11 and then the

12 no and the level keeps rising

confronting the structure, for example

in number 11

In number 11 we have three structures

we have aluminum trichloride

have

This organic substance. And we have this.

This hydride from here

Very well, let's see

we are playing the octet the object

I would be

8 no friend six clear he is inside

The exceptions rewind the clear video

when we're live, but it's possible

back on YouTube

On my channel, guys, don't forget the

Our friends from uni, you are in

Zoom Happy, but you can see the video at

through my channel, Professor Torrel. Here it is

that has recorded

on YouTube back then the aluminum

Aluminum is an exception; he is happy.

with six

Be careful with chlorine, it's not a

He is the exception, he is in the rest. Then

It would be with eight by three someone who me

Tell me how much it costs

30

At the group level, let's see, what would the group be?

aluminum is in that group

three five three clear

seven but there are three chlorines, how much does it cost?

all that

24 is not the subtraction between 2. What is the

Subtracting two from three doesn't make three links.

Nothing more then, I have the aluminum

center

three chlorines three chlorines

and we connect we connect we connect

teacher, I'll put some double-headers somewhere, right?

because there are only three links there

It remains there. It dies. Remember that aluminum...

He's happy with 6. We've already said it. Happy

With six, there it is, his six, there it remains and

The chlorines are happy with eight then

Here in this chlorine there are two, six are missing

More so that there are 8. Same here. Same here.

complete Lewis structure to see

organic substances, how do you tell?

that you are dealing with an organic substance

due to the presence of carbon

carbon always at the center

surrounding the carbon are the hydrogens and the

I have two hydrogen atoms and I have two chlorine atoms.

chlorine there it is

Well, if you follow the procedure of

octet group all that stuff will come out

You can do it with just four links, friend.

Verify it without any problem, four

links and they are precisely the four that

I'm going to place it, I don't need to place any more.

Remember that carbon is happy with

eight So carbon already has its

Four sticks already has its eight

electrons the hydrogens are happy

With two, so that's all there is to it, but the

Chlorines are happy with eight and have two

All you have to do is place three pigeons on it.

so that they are the eight they should have

It's the same here, and we've even finished the

Lewis structure for this substance

And let's see this other one.

Let's see, let's play, octet and group, let's see

I'm listening to you

How happy are you, beryllium four?

Very well, miss, this is an exception to the

Beryllium four and hydrogen with How much

You make me happy

with two but they are two hydrogens how much

It gives you that

eight eight

at group level in Which group is in the

periodic table beryllium group is

two two a Then two

and the hydrogens are in group one a

But that's two hydrogens times two.

4 comes out. What is the difference between two?

Talk to me

Listen, the subtraction of 8 - 4 is half of that.

It's two, please. Oh, please.

so

They are just two links that have to

See beryllium in the center. Obviously, the one that

It is in less quantity than the center.

hydrogens that are two surrounding the one of the

In the center you have to connect the atoms

I need peripherals to the central unit

only two links to do it and

Well, I don't need to add more because I know.

that only two links what I'm going to

use if there had been a 3 here already

You know there's going to be a not-so-double

Okay, it stays there then.

I ask, is hydrogen happy yet?

Hydrogen is already happy because with two

electrons that this stick represents

The electrons are already happy and the beryllium

She's happy with four, and here there are two, and here

There are two, there are their four, it stays like this

Beryllium in this central atom does not

has free pairs

I already have the three structures, it's done.

It's over now, what are they asking me?

They ask in question number eleven

See the question

It says Determine the type of hybridization

from the central atom to see At a touch

hybridization of the central atom that in

This case involves aluminum hybridization.

Hybridization is that fart, not only

three connectors hybridization of this

carbon, which is the central atom

Okay Joshua, give me the name of someone from

those present in

Zoom Billy Billy please Billy tell me

Hello, hello, very good

What is the hybridization of chlorine in this

chlorine

Sorry, very well, and from this hydrogen

there is no hybridization

Very good, excellent, that's what you have.

to do

Okay, and here's the central atom that

hybridization has talk

To see hybridization, the key to

Success is creating a good structure of

Lewis, and your problem is already solved.

sp2cp 3 SP What is the key in this

problem eleven key

Very good. Let's move on to question 12.

Question 12 is a little more interesting

because remember to calculate hybridizations

the interesting thing

It appears based on the substance you are

analyzing

The interesting part arises based on the

Substance. Let me know if there's one on YouTube or

any situation or any claim

insult

There's a question from the people of

YouTube

from YouTube

Let's talk about cleaning.

quick

I've already more or less introduced you to

world of hybridization in this way not

There are several types of hybridization of

protein not where it usually is

to appear as you will see in the questions is

SCPSP2 and SP3, teacher, where does an SP appear?

3D Ah, that's in expanded octet, my friend.

When you see the central atom, then...

Listen, central atom

It usually always has 8, no, or in any case

less than eight here has eight not the atom

central here the central atom has eight

or in the case of those we have seen by

here

less than eight, not like here, less than eight

or like here, less than 8, but when it exceeds

8 we are already dealing with an expanded octet and

In those cases, it appears in this type of

hybridization not the SP three dsp3d2

etc. we will also see some

Don't worry about cases like that.

Let's delete it then

Let's ask question number 12.

a question that becomes a little more

interesting because the structures of

Lewis that I'm going to have to use are

More elaborate ones do not require a

a little more knowledge

Thanks there.

The best, José, a little bit of water

Here they call me the Otorian Academy

They thank me, saying he's a friend of the group.

sciences

that's great

Let's see...

Let's see, let's go to this part here

problem number 12

problem number 12

substance n2 or 4

another substance

CO3 minus two an anion appears and appears

a cation

We'll see about the ammonium cation.

Right away, guys, tell me your

octet

He is how much

eight times two and he is also 8 but by

Four. How much are we talking about?

favor

48 Talk to me

What group is the five non-hydrogen group?

in five but there are two and the oxygen is

six but there are four. How much are we?

talking

34

How many links are there in that thing?

How much

It is done today, is it subtracted, yes or no, did I close this

fourteen divided by two seven is seven

links

Let's see, let's formulate it, those of us who are

A smaller proportion go to

center

There it is, and the oxygen that is in more

proportion go on the sides of the

centrals

Everything has to be connected to the center

Connect it, connect it, connect it, connect it

Connect it, everything is already connected to the

center everything going to the center everything good

Yeah

How many links did I just post?

sirs

But there are seven, two are missing. So

We always need that one idiot who says

teacher, let's finish it then.

It's one plus two plus

That's fine.

No, teacher, I'm connecting this oxygen.

With that oxygen, why isn't it okay?

You know why it's not okay, friend? Because

You would be forming some sequences here.

cyclical atoms, this would then be like

a quadrilateral no no a quadrilateral

You might say, "But why can't they?"

form quadrilaterals triangles no

pentagons hexagons Why not because

That quality is something substances possess.

organic

Not the inorganic ones, teacher, as I know.

Am I dealing with an organic or an inorganic substance?

One quick point is the presence of

Organic substances have carbons

several carbons The more carbon

You have more certainty that it will be

organic here you see some carbon in the

structure No, it's not organic, no, no

You can form in no way of

cyclic structure cannot

That's why that's one of the reasons

main reasons why one can

close the figure

So, professor, those two links can't work.

neither between the two of them nor between the two of them

neither among themselves nor among themselves do they have to

Going into this, of course. Well, into

Tell me those two links I'm missing.

To make seven, these could be the ones.

Let's discuss this now, it may or may not be true.

could be

object

That's already a reason, my friend, a very good reason.

It's important that the nitrogen, if you

You play another trick with the nitrogen

would have

two two two and two are ten electrons and

Well, you're passing that object around.

The prank doesn't happen. Well, at least.

This substance shouldn't be like this.

that you can't do that

What do you think about doing this?

could be

No, not either, because

nitrogen is at the level because

again nitrogen would exceed its

normal state of 8 of the octet because he

would have two two two two two two two are

ten, you went too far

So we're getting to the

conclusion that he cannot go because that

stick here, well no, because it ruins me

And one more thing, imagine... For a

at this moment that this remains so

What type of link would this be?

dative very well and you have to try

delete datives Or am I clearly wrong

So how do I remove the dative case by putting a

More link there and I can suddenly put

one more link here and eliminatory no

There's no other way, he's going to be dative, he's going to

to be dative But at least I mutilated two

natives to generate stability Good

We'll patch up what's missing, a couple more.

And a couple more over here to get to 8 here

It's missing three pairs, three pairs, two pairs

And the nitrogens are indeed there with their eight

With its 8, that's it, that's the structure

Lewis corresponding to the substance

You see, here the job isn't hybridization

That's easy, the job is the structure

think it through, brainstorm, feel good

Sure, well, it's done, we're already here.

Structural insurance. Now then.

proceed with everything. What is hybridization?

from him, for example

and

his

and of

him and now I can continue with the others

Let's see here

I gave you a guideline for this, remember?

I told you that the way you see it, it can't be done.

To work when it's an anion, no, I can't.

I have to convert it to working like this.

acid, because that was an acid.

What can be done about the union?

Do you remember turning it into acid?

the electric charge that is less than two is

converts into an amount of hydrogen such as

Here there are two minus two hydrogens

so

And there I create the structure that you already...

You know

his octet is somewhat fast, well I think I

I did it. Ah, so I'm going to do it.

already carbon, three oxygens, and two

hydrogens

I'm going to put the hydrogen over here.

Hydrogen is already here

connect it connect it connect it connect and

Connect it, the thing is that in that

structure there are five links if you

you want to apply the group object

subtract, take it out of the middle and it comes out five

So I'm going to that fifth link

Put it here to avoid the dative case. And that's it.

The structure is finished, we'll put on your

free pairs so you look elegant.

These walls are free, he doesn't have the yes

It has the yes, it has, the structure is over

But from him, but I don't want this.

I want this, what was done to it so that

this becomes so that this becomes

turn into this thing that was done

remove the hydrogens

You take away what you added.

Take it off and arrange this stick nicely

Well, it doesn't look elegant. There you have it.

It looks elegant. There's its bracket.

because when they are positive ions or

Negatives are given brackets and the charge

In question minus two, that's it.

all

Let's see something quick

carbon hybridization, tell me

that fart

of this oxygen

and from this oxygen

Very good, you already have mastered these things.

Alright gentlemen, it's done

And now how does this teacher do it?

You taught me how to work with anions

anions

But this is not an anion, this is a

Cation How to work with a cation is

different, no, don't be the same. What do you do in

an anion in a cation already in this in this

champion

is realizing that this cation

It comes from putting this together, look

Just be observant.

This anion is called ammonium, that's the

ammonium anion or cation and good ammonium

It sounds like ammonia, that's why I put the

ammonia the ceremonial nh3

This type of ion is simply the

meeting the combination between the neutral

ammonia NH3 But it's missing a because they are

four hydrogens, it's missing the fourth

hydrogen, that fourth hydrogen is a

positive hydrogen, that's why when it

combine these two salts

Let's see, teacher, how does this work? I don't understand.

It's easy, look, ammonia is simple.

Well known. No, I won't be there.

Don't overdo it when calculating object and group

There you'll see three links and the

Those would be the only links.

necessary, just right

But nitrogen has its lone pair.

And hydrogens don't have it good. This

This is the Lewis structure of ammonia

but he's missing

He's wondering if anyone remembers.

How many hydrogens are needed?

electrons has

two No friend one one the hydrogens

They have only one electron

But she answered two, you know why

Because hydrogens are happy with

I remember the hydrogens arriving at the

stability with two electrons in its

last layer

but originally the hydrogens

they have only one electron then for

to have two electrons because

They need to borrow from someone good.

to get from someone that which you lack

But hey, hydrogens have

only one electron and this is

symbolizes with a single

But my friend, you can see it clearly here.

What does positive hydrogen mean?

Positive. Does anyone know?

version that loses the electron

That positive friend means that the

atom has lost an electron

Similarly, if I put sulfur on you

which has an atomic number of six

I put minus two. What does this mean, friend?

What does it mean

that sulfur

has gained two electrons when it is

It's negative because he won, but if

It would have been positive. What does that mean?

And he has lost, so I ask you if

Hydrogen has only one electron but

This is a positive hydrogen. What

It means think

It is null, meaning it does not exist.

A positive result means you have lost.

Or not. What has it lost? Tell me, an electron and

How many electrons does hydrogen have? 1

In other words, the only electron it had, it has

lost, that is, the hydrogen is still there

electrons the positive hydrogens are

Those who do not have electrons are

empty

So this one here is hydrogen that

It's empty, but tell me about the hydrogen.

How many is happy

with two and so that this hydrogen

I achieved happiness in the compound no

There is no other way than these two electrons

be provided through a link

dative

What is the difference between a link

normal and a dative link that in the

Normally he puts his electron, he puts his

electron but in the dative only the

The other contributes, the other only receives; that's what the other person contributes.

difference

So remember to fill that gap.

Because he's happy with two, the only one

form is with the dative so that it fills

those two that he needs

Therefore, the structure would end up being

not in this way with a dative

and always its positive bracket

There are the structures, like...

You'll see, the job was the structures.

Tell me, right away, its hybridization of

What is the hybridization of the central atom?

central atom

In CP3 SP3, the native version counts.

Remember, I don't care if it's

dative if it's double if it's Triple A me

Interesting. What is it connected to? It doesn't have

four connectors then fp3 and now

Yes, answer then answer

Question 12, what is your answer?

Answer key for question 12 please.

would you be so kind as to ask question 12 key

no SP two SP two sp3 carnation

Let's continue, friends, let's continue, let's go

We'll now delve deeper into the theory.

delving deeper into the theory, everything's fine until

There's some trauma, psychosis, shop, it's

understands

Everything's clear, everything's very clear.

Look, there's an interesting question that I...

The young man just said, "Teacher, here."

Oxygen is alone, not with him.

simple Should be dative

It shouldn't, but it isn't. Why? Because

This link is defined at the beginning and at

Start. Remember that there was a

hydrogen, therefore this was not

It was a normal link because there is

Two types of links. Well, not when you see

a normal stick when you see a little arrow

There are only two types of dative case.

Originally, what was this? It was normal.

then it will remain as normal

After removing the hydrogens, it doesn't

It will convert into an asset what is valuable.

which was the beginning, not as it was normal

It seems normal, but if it had been

The initial dative case would remain as dative

That's the logic.

Who asked that?

of the semester

Okay, let's delete friends, let's go

deleting

Okay, let's continue cleaning.

cleaning

at once

And now, yes.

Let's delve a little deeper into the

hybridization theory so as not to be able

thus giving way to molecular geometry

let's see

history of hybridization we'll see

Here are some examples to illustrate your point.

I have to illustrate this to you somehow.

stuff

Concentrate or you'll get lost. Oh, and

Here, please, nobody blinks.

Look, let's analyze for a moment

this substance which is quite basic

so I can explain to you why

so you can understand me

Look, that substance is called methane.

substance

the substance called methane we are going to

Let's see how this is, you and I know because

I think we do know

that when you make the structure of

Lewis, from this thing, the carbon goes to

center and we have four hydrogens

surrounding truth. All good, friends.

You follow me, you follow me

simple links and

It's already simple.

That's the structure

But look what we're doing here is

the structure of the compound already formed

Let's go back in time and let's

to see how the formation was achieved

Please listen to me.

carbon is supposed to

Carbon. Let's see what it's like.

carbon

carbon, someone please be so

Please tell me what the atomic number is

of carbon

very good

Let's see, with six we can

we can know

How many peripheral orbitals does it have then?

No

do you remember

Carbon is a

s2s2 two farts, right, that's how it is

Carbon? Well, no.

What does that mean, teacher?

Here in this sublevel there is an orbital

that which is represented through

of a bar where there are two

electrons as you see here these are

the electrons

while in this sublevel p there are three

orbitals also called p

Where there are only two electrons

Because here there are two electrons, we have to

distribute only two electrons

What does that mean, teacher?

Lewis pulled this prank

This was the first thing you were taught.

first thing you learned when we saw the

chapter on chemical bonding the famous

Lewis representations for atoms

Lewis symbols What was the

Lewis symbol for carbon

You put the carbon element in and place

What thing

their valence electrons through

little dots or little flowers like

you want any symbol

These are the valence electrons

that are located on the top level

Carbon only has two levels:

level one and level two, with level two being the

last obviously then in the last

level which is the second called level of

valence we have valence electrons

There are four of them, those four we have to

represent them here

The S orbitals always go here

Up with the convention, as I have in that

orbital that is this region I have two

I put two blades for electrons

and on the sides are the orbitals

From P and there I only have two

I have one electron here and

another electron over here

This is called symbolization or symbol

Lewis for the carbon atom that

That's the first thing you learned.

The first thing they taught you: Don't forget

In this region, they usually go

Electrons from which orbital? Tell me about them

These two electrons are from which orbital?

I just explained it to you, for God's sake.

that

that while the electrons that you go

to put here that you're going to put here and

that you're going to put here

These are the orbitals, symbolized here.

These regions are the orbitals

But which B sublevel?

Here it is, this is the famous px. This is the

famous, and this is the famous peseta.

so usually not this is the px pg

and pz

So don't forget. Hey, don't forget.

When I have an atom, look at me.

Look at me, please. Look at me when I have

I'm going to place an atom here.

electrons here I'm going to put the px and

pz

For example

sulfur

What atomic number does sulfur have?

Please, if you would be so kind as to number

atomic of sulfur

16 then Apply all your power to 16

What is the configuration?

1s2 2s2 two p six three s two and three p

four

Lewis symbol for sulfur

sulfur begins at the Valencia level

The last one we have first level second

level and third level Obviously the level

The last one in Valencia is the third in the s

I have two. There they both are, and in the p

I have four

Those four are represented like this, what about you?

Do you think that's okay?

not because the convention indicates that

Remember, the p orbitals are three orbitals.

And since I have four electrons, it goes like this

First of all, head up for

up top and the fourth would go head to

down below then in the px I have two in the

I have two, but we only

I only have one.

I have that, that's Lewis's representation

You follow me, no?

all good

People wonder, profess, what's up?

Villa, why am I explaining this to you again?

That's elementary. You know what the...

issue

I want you to look, I want you to look at this

carbon

And if you compare it to this carbon, I'm going to

I'm going to separate them now

Look at this carbon and compare it to this one

I'm going to draw this one here in a

simpler Like this like this

Compare this carbon, this is good.

with this

There's an inconsistency here. What is it?

incongruity

the links that of course Well, I mean, if

I'd put four atoms on this guy, like

I've put it here

So this atom is going to have here that

not knowing where to grab because

Remember that if they tie with the

electrons these are electrons that

Electrons are what bind atoms together.

the tie. So if I can find an atom here

There's going to be another atom here.

tie another atom here tie but the

atom that goes here, what am I going to use it with

tie it up

No, he doesn't have what it takes, so here it comes

a situation

That's where the analysis comes in.

the carbon atom in its ground state

That's what they call this one here, it's the state

basal

the state

It happens when the atom is alone

This is its state, but when the atom

It will join with others like this one

In this case, carbon is combining with

four hydrogens the carbon

prepares their orbitals so that they have

the same characteristics and how the

prepare them, combine them, that's what it's called

hybridize They hybridize them by combining

so that now the atoms will

to have the same distribution. In other words, what is it?

Look what's happening, look what's happening

passing is the carbon atom

Originally it is like that, but when

He finds out he's going to have a

Arab-style marriage with three plaques

So what the man does is...

prepare

How to prepare the grip and it says this

I'm going to hybridize this orbital with

these p orbitals

Then he's going to combine that orbital

with the three p orbitals, px, pg, and

pz

Here we are, let's combine, let's

hybridize

And what do you get after combining?

these four orbitals will be obtained

four orbitals

But those four orbitals are called sp3

So, let me ask you what it's like.

Does anyone know the shape of that orbital?

that orbital is remembered

It's a little ball, it's not a little ball, but the

what are they like

two elongated balls no

They are two elongated balls, not two little balls

elongated. Forgive me for being bad.

cartoonist, but more or less like that, but

When they combine, what will they do?

Doing that is a very strange thing, no, I don't know.

if there will be memories of something like that

where

This is your little horse and your little donkey and

Here's the mule, not the one with the mule.

It has certain characteristics of him not and

on one side a part of the road

and it also has the elongated part of it

No

Tell me how many orbitals you are using

How many subscribers from here?

Hey, how many orbitals are going to combine?

How many, how many

Don't you realize how many orbitals I'm going to

combine today or four are four

orbitals that you are going to combine and you know that

you're going to get

four orbitals too, then

but the difference is that these

orbitals are pure and those that go to

to be born are

hybrids

Then four will also be born

orbitals

Forgive me for what you're seeing, but you

They're going to be born, forgive me, I'm not very good

cartoonist but is surprised that they are

equal

the four orbitals are not equal

with each other but at the moment of combining

They will generate four hybrid orbitals

which are indeed identical in shape and in

energy and they will also contain it

same

What does that mean? I mean, what's the point?

That's happening. What's happening is that the

carbon just as you see it in its state

He cannot combine basal with it.

the four hydrogens then he

prepares and tells me how I have to prepare

to receive the four hydrogens

What he does is use his three p orbitals

combines with the

four orbitals now appearing

identical ones that will contain

Each one the same. Tell me in this case.

all four orbitals contain the same

yes or no

No, he has one, he has one electron.

He has two and he has nothing, but now that

It is now ready to receive the

hydrogens now that in their orbitals of

They have now been hybridized

How many electrons does he have?

one and one

That's why she had to prepare herself

Hybridization is the way in which

atom preparing to receive

through a chemical bond to others

atoms

and in hybrid orbitals because now

In this case, the orbitals are no longer that

ppp is no longer like that. Now it's sp3 sp3 that

each of them is an sp3 orbital

It now has four sp3 orbitals with the

same form, same energy, and with the

same number of electrons and now yes

You can now prepare to receive the

hydrogens with their electrons now yes

Hydrogens are happy with two

Carbon is happy with eight then

we join

we put together, we put together, and we put together

Therefore, this theory called

hybridization, which allows me to explain the

formation of chemical bonds other

a detail you need to know for what

Hybridization is used to explain

How are bonds formed?

is that the carbon that originally did not

could receive the four hydrogens

prepares by hybridizing its orbitals to

That I can finally receive them. That's the

figure

You understood me, you understood me

more or less

do you understand, eye?

be careful if you combine four

You will get four orbitals

If you combine three, you will get three

It works if you combine two of them.

get two

When you combine an 's' with 3p you will

get esep3 when you combine An s

With two p's you'll get sp2. And if you

Combine an 's' with a 'p' and you will get SP

Let's see, for example, a button since you

I'm going to show you how that works.

thing already

We're going to delete this

let's see

Concentration, please concentrate

And I want you to look at this

Look at this. Look at this, we're going to put

aluminum chlorine 3

aluminum chlorine 3 concentrate please

Tell me someone who would be so kind as to

tell me

What is the Lewis structure of this?

We've already seen it. Ah, I think so.

we have seen in some examples how a

structure

aluminum in the center the three chlorines that

They don't surround him

stick stick stick no and they end

free electrons, not something like that

Everything's good, friends, everything's good, that's the

Lewis structure of that thing but

Now let's see what aluminum is like.

originally when he is alone when

He hasn't committed yet.

Could someone please tell me

What is the atomic number of aluminum?

Number 13, but aluminum is one of them.

two two s two of six three s two and three

p one we are

then the level of Valencia, the three

aluminum would be like that, well, no

Remember that here is the s orbital there

It has two electrons, two blades, and the

p orbital Well, remember that the PETS

There are three orbitals in the p sublevels

They have three orbitals. Here's one, two.

three but as only one electron

only one of those orbitals will

The black will be placed in the fill

Tell me, compare this to aluminum.

You see here

no no well no no no not this way

How are you going to receive a chlorine here?

You might suddenly get chlorine here

No, but not over here. But aluminum.

as he is aware that he is going to meet

with three types of chlorine you have to prepare your

orbitals

So what is he going to do?

aluminum

like aluminum needs to prepare these

three regions He only has to

combine to prepare to receive

the chlorines this px orbital this orbital

Pelé with the orbital

So he's going to... Only he's going to have

that combine an s with

two p The px here and the p and from here here

He is combining these three

pure orbitals

And what will he get in the

The combination of these three cigars will

obtain

Hybrids: What are their ball hybrids like?

little ball big ball little ball

big ball little ball little ball

great teacher

Why three hybrid orbitals? Because

I have three pure orbitals, three pure ones.

They produce three hybrids

But let's see what these hybrids are called.

What are these hybrid orbitals called?

SP two

SP2 Look, for those who don't get it

That p2 is read as two p orbitals

combined with an 's' it reads

sp3 means that there are three p orbitals

combined with an 's' will give you four

orbitals of that shape here they give you three

And indeed, it was not a hybridization of

What are its orbitals?

hybridization

What does it mean that he has three?

sp2 orbitals. That means and this

You're seeing, then, that they were born from

the combination of an s orbital with two

p orbitals then here I would have three

orbitals

hybrids

I have here

Three pure orbitals: one s and two p. Here I am

I have three hybrid orbitals, all three

They are SP two SP two SP2

You understand, guys, so remember.

Remember, hybridization is the

phenomenon that occurs outdoors

of the atom where he takes his orbitals

He combines them to make them pure

hybrid orbitals where I can

distribute equitably the

electrons

because now aluminum

When it hybridizes, it won't be like that anymore.

not anymore because now its three orbitals

They are equal and therefore they have to

have the same number of electrons

Since I have three electrons and I have

three equal orbitals that must have

The same amount. Now yes. Now yes.

I can distribute it like this

You understand. If the aluminum is alone

So this is its distribution. This is

its symbol but if aluminum is in

a compound now its symbolizations

different because now it has orbitals

hybrids and can distribute it that way

because now he is ready for

to receive the other atoms

That's how it works. Look, then I want you to

notice that detail

Everything's fine, gentlemen, everything's fine

all good

wanna

I'd like to mention something else. Now, something else.

Let's go this way

We deleted that exercise.

I want to talk to you now about the parameters.

of the chemical bond

What are light link parameters?

chemical

Look, the people on YouTube are already fed up.

They convulsed. I don't think so.

Emilio sends me a very warm greeting

Well, thanks Emilio for your greeting, don't you

I know. I don't know who you are, but it is.

It's been a while since we last saw each other.

Guys, now we're going to talk about the

What are the link parameters?

parameters of a good chemical bond are

three

There are three parameters that I...

I'm going to focus on one, but I'm going to

Mention the three of them so that you already know

Keep them in mind and do some research.

more of each of the parameters

of the chemical bond, that's how we open it are

3. What are those parameters?

First, I have the link length.

first parameter the link length

that we will affectionately call

length in

Lace, so teacher, you're telling me

that the link that occurs between two

atoms will have lengths, of course.

They measure lengths in picometers that

It is the unit of measurement for lengths

so

If I have an atom, for example, a

atom b and the bond is a single bond

Single bonds are characterized by

being long, on the other hand, double is more

Shortly, if between a and b they were a link

Double is smaller than single and if

It was a triple link, teacher, it's more

still little

It's important that you know

There, teacher, if this month, saying yes, I

I have an atom where I see

single, double, and triple bonds and me

They ask, who is the most? Who is the

longer length or they may ask you

This is not... Look at something like this, observe

Look, they tell me that the length

between

They two and they two are the lengths

I don't know if these are them

120 pm peak meters and

170 pm

Which is which? I give length 1

length 2 let's see, observe it

if the link length here is 120

picometers and 170 kilometers

What is 170?

the one with hydrogen and clear carbon

This length is 120 picometers and this

another one is

170 Caramba backwards 170 the longest is

The simplest and shortest is the triple

Because remember, we're going to write it.

here

the length between the simple

The double and triple bets are included in this.

relationship l wins to him and he in turn to him

It's not important that they know that he beats him

friends, just in case they ask you

Well, you have to act like you relate

not like here

the length between hydrogen and the

carbon is larger than the length

between carbon and nitrogen, that's

that's what I wanted to emphasize very clearly

then the first binding parameter

link length first parameter

of the chemical bond, second parameter of

chemical bond

It is the bond energy

energy

link

that we will affectionately call

bond energy

so

look

Imagine

that I have this substance, for example

Look, I have this substance right here.

I have this substance and they tell me

They tell me that the total energy I have

I used to form this substance

is 700

70

kilo and the unit of energy

They also tell me that the energy between

carbon and hydrogen

It's 100

kilos per Moll The question is how much is

the bond energy between carbon

carbon. That's the question, it's not a

question that the National University of

engineering at some point raised no

with a slightly different structure but with

The same logic doesn't give me the compound

They tell me that the total energy I have

used for the compound is 770 per

example and the bond energy between the

Carbon and hydrogen is 100, with that I

It calls for energy between coal and

carbon. So I say

Tell me about this energy

the energy I use to link to

How much is hydrogen worth with carbon?

According to the data, how much is it worth?

And how much does this cost?

Also, 100 why is it hydrogen

And this 100 and these 100 and these 100 But

This is the binding energy of

energy to bond carbon to carbon

I don't know her, and that's the question.

But all energies according to the

The problem is 70, so here I have 100.

100 100 100 100 100 600 for 770 how much

That energy would be worth it

[Music]

So that's the story. When you

They speak of linking energies so that the

know

This is also important, that the relationship

What if I have

This link scared me, it scared me

I have this other link that we know that

It's smaller than this one, and I have this one.

another link that is smaller in

distance that

Okay, let's see, infer, please. That's logic.

Which one has more energy?

triple, double, or single

the triple, the triple very well beats the

double and double of Why teacher because

I'm supposed to ask you

Which is more if I told you this is the

Link size. Look here, I have two.

links

Which of the links would this be?

the long what link would be the simple and The

tiny

So I'll ask you a simple question

Which one is easier to break, I mean in

Which one do I use more/less energy?

I want to break that simple, easy one

Despite a lot of effort, just like that. Look at that.

It exists, but if I want to break a link

triple that is tiny the energy that

I'm going to use it to break it, damn it!

My finger is going to hurt

That's why it's used more here

This energy is more energetic, that's why

that the energy that is greater Don't you

forget

So, in terms of lengths, you already know

that the single link is the longest and

The triple is the smallest but a

The longer the energy level, the more

weak, that's why it has the lowest energy and

The smallest one is the most energetic.

harder to break

Everything's good, friends, everything's good

Perfect.

Here comes the third and final parameter of

The link we are going to study today is called

link angle and this here is very

linked to hybridization the angle of

link

the linking angle that affectionately...

Let's call the link angle Alpha

It turns out that the link angle

This is already a full-blown investigation that

has not already been determined that in

Based on the type of hybridization, there is a value

approximate for the bond angle by

example

I give you an atom and here I give you

three atoms bonded to atom a

look

I ask you

What is the hybridization of the central atom?

etc.

That's the link angle, the angle of

The link is the geometric angle that is

observe when

you link three atoms

Look, look at this, with this, with this, tell me

Geometrically, there is an angle here, yes or no

No

or not

Is there an angle, yes or no?

that angle is called the bond angle

Even if you don't believe it, and that doesn't mean we

matters

That angle is the same angle as the one at

here and it's the same as the one here and the

same in teacher then there is always no

There's the [ __ ] who says, "Professor, but this..."

It's a complete turn.

Alpha plus Alpha plus Alpha plus Alpha four

Alpha equals 360. So what is it worth?

Alpha

What is the value of alpha?

You know why? Because you're thinking

that the atom a, or this here, is a

They are coordinated axes, no, that's not how it is.

It's space, you know what? What is this?

Look, the thing is, this is how it is. Look more or

less

Let's grab a Bravo jacket

Ah, this is tough.

Imagine my fist. Look at my fist. Look.

my fist you see my fist my fist my fist is

the atom

My fist is the atom

And at each end of the chalk is the atom

come

This thing is in space

This is not spatial but it's a little

crooked, no. Look at these, they look like little feet.

Not from a chair, and here's the stick there

That's more or less the structure.

So, in other words, that's right, teacher.

You're drawing badly, of course I am

If we're drawing badly, then we're not going to draw it.

better then

making a better drawing, he put, I don't know if

I'll get it, but let's see, atom

So the B atoms, one is by

here

Another one over here, another one over here, and another one over here.

where to see this thing more or less

It goes like this, there are the little legs at the bottom

and the one above

This thing is space-related, that's why.

because the angles are better seen from there

This is angle Alpha, which is this one

Angle here Alpha Here is the angle

Alpha Here's the angle and you're not going here

So, to say that Alpha + Alpha plus Alpha

more Alfa 360 because this isn't in the

The plane is in space

So the science people already

He's already calculated that angle.

It's calculated, and there's its approximate value.

It's from

109.5 degrees plus or minus

But it's along those lines. That's the value.

approximate then from now on

friend every time you meet

a structure a structure whose

hybridization is sp3 you're going to say that

the link angles will have

adopt this approximate value

It is 107, 108, 110, 111. But they fluctuate between

109.5, which is the most accurate value

Now, teacher, what happens? What happens if my

atom is bonded only to others

three atoms

there

So yes, that's definitely in the plan.

Friend, this is definitely on the plane

connection connection connection remember this

This is a spatial figure

In contrast, this one here is a figure

flat

That's on the plan. That's on the

space

And what you're saying is almost coming true.

Imagining the angles are not similar

angle Alpha angle Alpha the angles of

link

Add them up. What is the sum of the three angles?