SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN SOSIOLOGI DARI MASA KE MASA

he ordered full knowledge

about society has existed for

centuries before the term

sociology was put forward if sociology is

understood as the study of

society then sociology has existed

since ancient Greek times great philosophers

in ancient Greek times such as Plato and

Aristotle have thought about

how to design a

just and happy society Then in the

14th century a scientist from the Middle East

named Ibn Khaldun wrote about

social solidarity ashobiyah and

human civilization in the early period of the

punch

Khan century in Western Europe Thomas Hobbes John

Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau have

written about How to organize

society to live harmoniously in

a system of government through a term

known as a social contract the

history of the development of sociology as a

modern scientific science

began in the 19th century after the outbreak of the

political revolution in France and the

Industrial Revolution in

European countries brush The promise of

energy industry

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Hi as a

rational and empirical social science sociology is

relatively young compared to

other social sciences a French intellectual figure

named August Comte

coined the term sociology which at

that time had the connotation of social physics

in his book entitled course the

philosophy positive in 1838 in

the theory of three stages of law yes content

confirms that sociology is a science

that is at a positive stage, positive

he means is rational, empirical

and can be researched with

scientific methods as natural science

is at a positive stage meaning

leaving theological elements while

metaphysical its methodology follows the

laws of natural science so it is

called social physics after that in

1876 an English intellectual

named Herbert Spencer wrote a book

entitled principles of sociology of

cells is a person who believes in

Darwin's theory of evolution he applied the laws of

biological evolution to sociology petrol

introduced his great theory of

social evolution which was widely accepted

several years later in 1883

an intellectual from the United States

named Lechter Framework wrote a

book entitled Dynamic sociology

the book is considered the

first book about the design of social actions

that must be carried out by society towards the

next progress in 1895 Emil

Durkheim explained in detail the

scientific methodology of sociology in

his book entitled The Rules of

Sociological Method sociology developed

rapidly in Western Europe in the 19th century

this development was greatly influenced

by the political revolution and the

industrial revolution which changed the

social order dramatically the interest of

intellectuals to know the

social changes of society at that time became an

important point in the history of the development of

sociology One of the influential figures

in sociology is an

English intellectual named Karl Marx

although he never claimed

to be as a sociologist but

his works have a

big economic and political impact on the rate of

social change in Europe his theory

of class struggle influences the

development of sociological theory even

to this day Marxist theories

gave birth to the Marxist school in

sociology in the 20th century a

German intellectual named Max Weber

criticized the scientific method of sociology that

emerged in the 19th century Weber argued that the

natural science method is not relevant to

be applied to social science social science

makes humans its subject

so that there is an element of subjectivity

in social science This is different from

natural science which prioritizes the element of

objectivity according to Weber sociology

should examine

subjective social actions in the 20th century

also developed rapidly in the United States

at that time industrialization and

urbanization occurred on a large scale

in urban areas of the United States as a result of which

social change occurred with a

large escalation rural and urban communities

were seen to be striking differences

such conditions killed American intellectuals

to study the social symptoms that

arose as a result of these social changes

so that sociology became one of the

most popular social science studies

at that time the history of the development of

sociology in the United States until the

1930s was dominated by the

Chicago school with its main figure

Albion Woodbridge Mall who was also the

initiator of the most popular sociology journal

prestigious in the world until

now, namely the American Journal of Sociology

in the next phase of the development of the

Chicago School gave birth to a great figure

named Pitirim Sorokin. He

contributed a lot to expanding the

methodological aspects of sociology. A number of

sociologists after the World War II were

more in the United States, for example,

William Aiesec, Thomas Robert Zafar,

Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead,

Jane Adam, Sherlock Perkins Gilman,

Ana Julia Cooper, Mariana Weber, Beatrix

Potter Web, and William Edward Burger

Dubois. In contrast, the element of

sociological objectivity actually developed in the

United States through the work of a great figure

named Talcott Parsons. In 1937,

Watsons published a book entitled

The Structure of Social Action.

This book significantly influenced the

development of sociological theory.

Parsons was greatly influenced by Durkheim

and his broad interpretation of

American society influenced the

development of American sociological theory

several years later. Banten

elaborated on the theory of

structural functionalism in analyzing

social systems. Sociology that developed in

America in the Parsonian period is

macro sociology. The debate between

objectivity, sub-

activity, agency, structure, and micro-

macro in sociology has been going on since the

20th century until today. A number of

extreme schools of thought that tend to

subjectivity strongly criticized sociology.

At the beginning of the establishment of

positivistic sociology, which was initiated by Comte,

later began to abandoned one of the

most harsh schools of thought that

criticized Comte's sociology is the de

France for school consisting of

critical intellectuals from Germany

defraggler stepped into its period of

popularity in the mid-20th century the

most scathing criticism thrown

is that positivistic sociology does not

contribute anything to

human history because it ignores the

transformative and emancipatory aspects that

should be the agenda of sociology

social science cannot be neutral but

must side with the ideals of

social transformation approaching the 21st century

sociology as a

modern science received a barrage of attacks

from sociological schools such as

postmodernism

globalism post-positivism

postcolonialism and so on

entering the 21st century the history of the development of

sociology towards a variety of schools of

thought and disciplines that are increasingly

numerous George formulated sociology

as a science with a

dual paradigm meaning that the perspective of

sociology is not singular so that

historically sociology is a

science that has a broad scope the

Millennium century marks sociology as a science that is

very fluid and broad in its objects of

study not limited to changes in

social structure in the context of

industrialization, rural and

urban urbanization but also to

aspects of the dynamics of society that are

contemporary in nature for example such as sociology in the

information society sociology of the 21st century 21

is contemporary sociology, an indication of the

increasingly broad scope of

sociology can be seen from the

proliferation of sub-disciplines that

are branches of sociology, some of which

can be mentioned are

digital sociology, sociology of tourism,

sociology of health, sociology of sports,

sociology of literature, sociology of law, sociology of

economics, sociology of gender and

other contemporary sociology.

Another tendency that can be

identified is the increasing distance of

sociology from the tradition of

historical positivism. The development of sociology in the

contemporary era tends to reject the relevance of

natural laws in social sciences.

Currently, social science faculties

around the world are starting to teach

sociology regardless of its founding father.

It is not surprising that figures such as Michel

Foucault, Biar Bordir, and Slavoj Zizek are

more popular than August Comte

and Emil Durkheim.

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