Amsterdam Just Keeps Getting Awesome
I hate to be the one to tell ya but, there are too many cars in your city.
It doesn’t matter where you live, there is space near you that could be used for
Pedestrian areas, Public transit,
Bicycle lanes, Parks,
Or new housing projects. But instead, it’s being
used to move or store cars. Which is why every city everywhere
needs a document like this. This is Agenda Amsterdam Autoluw,
a 90 page document describing how and why Amsterdam will remove cars. With a goal of
becoming a more accessible and liveable city. This document was published in October 2019,
the same month I published my first video essay on Not Just Bikes.
I read this document as soon as it was released and in many ways it helped set the tone and
direction for this YouTube channel. Here was a document that clearly
illustrated all of the good urban planning fundamentals I had been learning about,
And all of the challenges of building a liveable city,
With blunt declarations of what they were actually going to do about it.
I referenced this document at the end of my fourth video.
[there are a lot of] [very interesting elements]
[of this plan but] [I’ll talk about that]
[in more detail in] [a future video]
So yeah, I do what I say I’m going to do … even if it takes me seven years to do it.
Of course, the real reason why I waited this long was because plans are cheap,
and I wanted to see if any of this actually happened.
In my videos I generally avoid talking about the plans that a city has for the future.
I may briefly mention a plan at the end to acknowledge its existence, but
the overwhelming emphasis in all of my videos is what the experience is like today, not what it
might maybe become some time in the future. And the reason for this is simple.
I was involved in advocacy for many, many years before starting this YouTube channel, and I’ve
been burned way too many times in the past. I used to refer to Toronto as “OnlyPlans”
because they were always publishing grandiose plans for urbanisation and public transit,
but almost none of it actually got built. So, now that this Amsterdam document has
been published for a while. Did the city actually follow through on any of these amazing proposals?
Well yeah, they actually built a lot of what said they would.
So let’s talk about Amsterdam Autoluw, why it's needed,
what actually got built, And what other cities might learn from this plan
to make Amsterdam a better place to live. [NJB Intro]
OK, so before we get started. What does “autoluw” even mean?
Well “auto” obviously means car, and as for “luw”, it literally means,
“sheltered from the wind.”
This is a Dutch urban planning term that doesn’t really have a good English translation.
Now, before you start typing. Every time I mention this I get literally hundreds of comments from
Dutch people with incredibly awkward translations for autoluw. Trust me, all of these are terrible.
English does have the term lee, as in leeward, which means the same thing as the Dutch luw,
but trust me, no native English speaker wants to talk about Carly streets.
Some English speakers translate autoluw as “low-car”
or “car-lite”, which are closer,
but I don’t think they quite get the point across. And translation apps are useless because
they usually just translate it to “car-free”. Which is definitely wrong.
So I personally use the translation proposed by David Hembrow in this 2013 blog post.
Autoluw translates to “nearly car-free”. This is slightly awkward, but it immediately
gets the point across to native English speakers. Places that are autoluw are not completely free
of cars, but there are so few cars that, in practice, they are nearly car-free.
Amsterdam is trying to make its existing streets autoluw,
but if you want to see what it looks like when a town is designed to be autoluw from the start,
I made a video about the town of Houten, and I’ll leave a link to that video in the description.
But you might be asking, if this plan is ultimately about making Amsterdam
more liveable and accessible, why is it so focused on removing cars?
Well, the title of the document provides a hint here, “Amsterdam makes room”, or “makes space”
is maybe a better translation. And this makes sense because
it doesn’t matter if those cars are driving, parked, autonomous, or flying,
at the end of the day, cars take up significantly more space than any other form of transportation.
Urban planners refer to this as the “geometry problem” because it’s so fundamental.
And the document has a graphic showing how much space cars take up compared to other modes,
when they're moving and parked.
Since cities are inherently space-limited, they need to do everything they can to conserve
the space that they have, which necessarily involves removing as many cars as possible.
Of course, while space is the primary concern, there are many other problems caused by
cars that are outlined in this document including safety, pollution, and noise,
and I’ve talked about those problems and many others in a previous video.
I remember when I first got involved in urbanist advocacy in Canada,
I didn’t want to focus on the cars. Cars were inevitable, I thought, so it seemed
like a waste of time to talk about them. Instead I wanted to improve the city
around the cars, or maybe, in spite of them. But with cars taking up all the space, it became
very clear that it was impossible to make any serious improvements without affecting the cars.
What’s worse is that, as I travelled to more great cities around the world,
I started to notice that the best urban places were always those with the fewest cars.
And this was the case in literally every city in every country I ever visited,
which is why I started to refer to it as
the “Universal Law of Cities." It seems trite, but it’s true.
Cars ruin cities. So you cannot have a truly great city if it is easily accessible to cars.
In fact, I would go further to say that, any growing city that doesn’t have a plan
to make it less friendly to cars will not be a liveable city within the next few decades.
Of course, if you live somewhere car-centric, this is a difficult concept to understand,
and it has actually been a legitimate problem that I’ve had with this YouTube and Nebula channel.
The vast majority of my audience is from Europe or Asia,
and I strongly believe that the “next step” that needs to be taken in European and Asian
cities is to remove cars as much as possible. Which is why in previous videos I have highlighted
some of the places around the world that are removing cars to build better urban places.
And this is a perfectly reasonable thing to propose.
For example, even in car-friendly Germany, most towns and cities have some streets that
are nearly or completely car-free. But cities in the US and Canada are
so far behind in urban planning, and have destroyed so much of their
downtowns for automobile infrastructure, that banning cars seems like an extremist
position, and some American advocates get upset that I even suggest it.
Which is why I often direct Americans to Strong Towns because they propose solutions that,
while they won’t exactly build the world's greatest cities,
they are at least a big step in the right direction, and most importantly,
they are much more likely to actually get implemented in the US.
In Amsterdam, this autoluwe plan is ambitious, but it’s not particularly radical.
It’s really just the logical continuation of what the people of Amsterdam have wanted for decades.
For example, the majority of Amsterdam residents voted to make the city centre autoluw in 1992.
Which is why it looks like this today.
instead of like this, the way it looked in the 70s, and 80s.
These images may be shocking, but the document addresses this directly. Just as
it seems absolutely crazy to us that Amsterdam used to allow so many cars in the city centre,
it is very likely that, after these new plans are implemented,
it will seem equally crazy to future residents that we allowed so
many cars in the rest of the city today. Whenever there is a plan to remove cars,
there are always people who are up in arms about it, but after the cars are removed,
you will struggle to find anybody who wants to bring them back.
Thankfully, residents of Amsterdam have seen these positive changes over the past few decades,
and there is very strong support for these plans. The city has run many public consultations
and the majority of residents have been very clear that they want fewer cars in the city.
Car ownership in Amsterdam has been declining for years,
and there are now only 0.4 cars per household, the lowest of any city in the Netherlands.
And on top of that, surveys have shown that about
30% of households that do own a car use it once per week or less.
In 2017, the number of Amsterdam residents who travelled primarily by bicycle was 35%,
compared to 19% by car. And that was already 8% lower than a decade before.
Given that these stats are nine years old now, I expect those numbers to be even smaller today.
So the use of cars has been drastically dropping, yet there is still a massive amount of public
space taken up by automobiles, because of the geometry problem.
Meanwhile Amsterdam is growing quickly, and they expect to have over one million residents by 2032.
The number of people commuting into the city each day is increasing, and there are
more tourists visiting each year, too. The hard fact is that Amsterdam will
not be a liveable city if most of these new people get around by car.
There are a lot of topics covered in this document, including how Amsterdam will manage
all of the needs of the city, while also using as few motor
vehicles as possible. But for this video,
I want to focus primarily on street design and the projects that have actually been completed.
As well as some of the things that were built in the space freed up by removing cars.
For some of these reconstruction projects I had heard about them in advance,
But there were other times where I was traveling somewhere else in the city,
and just stumbled across some great new improvements that I didn’t know about.
This has resulted in something that I never would have expected:
I actually look forward to construction projects. I remember, when living in Toronto, that I dreaded
it any time a street was being torn up, because I knew that it was going
to be years of difficult travel through that area, and when they were finished
there would be giant asphalt blobs making the sidewalks uneven,
or they would just forget to re-paint the bike lanes for six months, it was always something.
The city made it very clear that if you weren’t travelling by car, then you were not a priority,
and construction often made things worse for anybody who didn’t drive.
Meanwhile, there have been dozens of street reconstruction projects
since I moved to Amsterdam 8 years ago. And yeah, they’re inconvenient sometimes.
Though I’m consistently impressed at how well detours are marked for cyclists.
And it’s amazing to see that, even during major reconstruction, keeping the trams running is
always a top priority. But more importantly,
every single time a street in Amsterdam is re-designed, the end result is always better.
A good example of this is the redesign of Kinkerstraat in 2022.
This part of the street was made one-way for cars in the 1990s, but it was still
a busy street with lots of parking. In the redesign the one-way configuration
for cars was maintained, but all of the parking spaces were removed.
As you can imagine, this freed up a lot of space. Which was used to widen the sidewalks,
Install new bicycle parking, And plant a lot more trees.
The tram platforms were improved as well. There are many tram stops in Amsterdam that
have very narrow platforms. Which can get crowded and make them difficult to
use for people in wheelchairs. But when parking is removed,
there’s lots of spaces for wider platforms, which makes these tram stops much more accessible.
The tram platform is in the middle of the street and the bicycle lane curves around it.
And speed humps were installed in the bike lanes to slow down any bicycles or mopeds
before they reach the pedestrian crossing, making it safer to get to the tram stop.
There are no more parking spaces on this street, but there are temporary loading zones for shops.
And instead of being at street level, they are at sidewalk level,
which is becoming common in Amsterdam. This means that when there is not
a vehicle unloading here, then the sidewalk effectively becomes bigger.
The redesign of Kinkerstraat also shows a surprising design choice
that is becoming more common in Amsterdam: the protected bicycle lanes were removed.
This might seem like a giant step backwards, but it makes sense in this context.
Protected bicycle lanes are great, and they’re necessary on roads with a lot of car traffic.
But cycling has become so popular in Amsterdam that many bicycle lanes have become overcrowded,
which was definitely the case on Kinkerstraat. So in the redesign, car drivers share the lane
with trams, which means that there is much more space for cyclists.
And what was previously the bicycle lane was used for all of the other things needed on the street,
like the bicycle parking and trees I mentioned. Which in turn freed up space for wider sidewalks.
Of course, removing the protected bicycle lanes on this street was
only possible because there are so few cars. And that was only possible because the city
has been de-prioritising car travel for so many years, plus with parking removed,
there are even fewer reasons to drive on this street, reducing car volumes even more.
And I think that this is an underappreciated benefit of autlouwe streets.
Dedicated public transit lanes take up a lot of space, but they’re necessary so
that trams and buses don’t get stuck behind cars. But without the cars, they’re not needed anymore.
Protected bicycle lanes take up space, but they’re necessary to
keep people cycling from being killed by cars. But without the cars, they're not needed anymore.
But this kind of design only works if you remove the cars first.
This is what Kinkerstraat looked like in the 70s and 80s. This was also a shared
space for all modes of travel, but it was a complete mess. Cycling was dangerous,
public transit was slow and inefficient, and the street was loud, polluted, and ugly.
All that was really needed to get to this, was to remove most of the cars.
As for car parking, there was already this parking garage under De Hallen nearby that was
almost always empty, so anybody who really wants to drive to Kinkerstraat can park there instead.
Removing street parking is a common theme throughout this document.
It has a statistic that in 2019, 11% of all public space in Amsterdam was taken up by parked cars.
What’s worse is that several studies have shown that in a typical city,
about a third of all car traffic is just drivers cruising around looking for street parking.
And in some cities it’s significantly higher than that.
The existence of parking generates more car traffic as well, which makes sense,
because people are much more likely to drive to a place if they think they can park there.
In most Japanese cities, there is almost no street parking at all,
which is one of the reasons why Japanese streets are functional,
efficient, and have very few cars on them. And I’ve talked about that in a previous video.
The goal of every city should be to remove almost all on-street parking,
which is why one of the stated goals of the Amsterdam government
was to remove 10 thousand on-street parking spaces by the end of 2025.
I have a previous video that talks about why and how that was happening,
and I’ll put a link to it in the description, But that video was published in 2022, so the
question remains, did the city actually remove 10 thousand parking spaces like they promised to?
Yes they did. Whenever there was construction on any street,
the redesign included little or no parking. Apart from a handful of temporary loading zones,
And the occasional disabled parking spot. There are many canal walls in
Amsterdam which are in need of repair. The city has plans to renew them all, but
one way to slow the damage and to buy more time is to keep heavy things like cars off of them.
so removing car parking here was a very easy decision.
A similar thing is happening with bridges, where any that are in poor condition are
blocked off to cars to significantly extend their lifespans before a renovation is needed.
One of the redesigns I really liked was here in the city centre, on Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal.
Once parking was removed there was lots of space to work with, so the city built this urban park,
which brought some much-needed greenery here. And I love the way they made the tram go through
the parklette on grassy tram tracks. Removing car parking has made this
area feel so much more spacious and it's safer for cycling now, too.
The removal of street parking spaces in Amsterdam has been very, very noticeable,
and it's now the norm that every time there’s construction there
are little or no parking spaces afterwards. It’s amazing to see how much bigger a narrow
street feels whenever the car parking is removed. And how many great things can be built in the
places formerly reserved for storing giant metal boxes.
So I was very happy to see that the new government published their coalition agreement last month,
and in it they plan to remove another 10 thousand parking spaces by 2030.
Amsterdam also increased the cost of visitor parking,
especially in neighbourhoods near the city centre.
Visitor parking within the ring road now costs between about €4 and €8 per hour.
The price of visitor parking in Amsterdam is specifically designed to make it less attractive
to drive into the busiest areas of the city. Statistics showed that in 2017, 46% of visitors
to Amsterdam arrived by car, which was 10% less than a decade earlier.
Meanwhile 40% of visitors travelled by public transit, up from 36% in the same time period.
In an effort to accelerate that trend, Amsterdam is expanding Park-and-Ride. Amsterdam now has 9
Park-and-Ride garages surrounding the city, where drivers from out-of-town can park
at a discounted rate if they continue their journey to the city centre by public transit.
Or they can park at one of the many train stations in the region
and continue on into Amsterdam by train. Park-and-Ride used to be one flat price,
but that has changed recently to better reflect demand, because some garages were
always full and others were nearly empty. But they're designed in such a way that
it will be not only cheaper to park in a Park-and-Ride garage,
it will also be faster to take public transit, rather than trying to drive in the city.
I think one of the biggest cultural changes that needs to happen in the
21st-century is that people should not expect to be able to drive into the centre of cities.
Apart from very, very exceptional cases where they genuinely need a car for that particular trip.
Whenever a driver complains about it being too difficult to drive into the city,
the first response should always be, why are you trying to drive into the city in the first place?
It should be considered a stupid thing to do. One place that really shouldn’t have a lot of
car traffic is the train station, so I’m really happy that they significantly improved this area
directly in front of Amsterdam Centraal. The street in front of the station used
to have a large road, a bus station, and some of the worst air quality in the city.
But the new design prioritises public transit and blocks cars from going through, and now there’s
so much less car traffic in this area. And now that the road is narrower,
it freed up space for this two-way bicycle path which is really nice.
Anybody driving through here can take the road under the station,
instead of driving right across the front of it, where hundreds of train travellers
and tourists are always trying to cross. There used to be so much asphalt here,
but they removed most of it and actually made the water larger.
And put this amazing bicycle parking garage under there it too,
which I talked about in a previous video.
A short distance to the East is this intersection where the bike path becomes comically large,
but this is genuinely a great improvement, because there's a new ferry dock here,
and whenever a ferry arrives, a whole lot of people arrive on bicycles at once.
So this intersection has been rebuilt so that lots of people can safely cycle through here.
These wider bicycle paths are being built all over the city,
like at this intersection, that was improved as part of the renovation of Berlagebrug
that I talked about in an earlier video. Upgrades for cycling are another major theme in
this document, and one of the projects it mentions is building a continuous “bicycle ring” around the
city centre, as the preferred route for cyclists. This part of ring was already under construction
when the document was written, and it’s a much nicer place to cycle now,
than one street to the South, which is the primary route for cars.
But this cycling ring was incomplete in the West, so the newest improvement is
this part of Marnixstraat, which in 2025 had an upgrade similar to Kinkerstraat.
The street was made one-way for cars along this stretch and 61 on-street
parking spaces were removed in the process. I like how they blocked off the southbound
lane by installing this little grassy area that the trams can ride over.
But motor vehicles can’t go through, and need to turn right.
There is now so much less car traffic here which makes it much a better
route for cycling than before. The Amsterdam Autoluw document
also talks about building a second bicycle ring slightly farther out,
but they acknowledge that before that can happen, the amount of car traffic along this route would
need to be significantly reduced, and there are a few ways suggested on how to do that.
These streets could become alternating one-way streets, like Kinkerstraat or Marnixstraat,
but another solution is to completely block part of the street to eliminate through traffic.
Through traffic is car traffic that is not going to or from a neighbourhood,
but is just passing through. This is the absolute worst kind
of automobile traffic, because it brings all of the negative effects of cars with literally
zero benefit to the neighbourhoods that those cars are passing through.
Amsterdam has blocked through traffic on several streets using what they call a “knip”, that is,
putting some kind of barrier in place to block car traffic completely.
In English the urban planning term for this is a “modal filter”
because it filters out certain modes of transportation, usually motor vehicles,
while letting other modes of travel through, such as people who are walking,
cycling, or taking public transit. Many cities do this of course,
and it’s not exactly a new concept. These stones were installed in
Pompeii two thousand years ago to keep cart traffic out of the main square.
The big difference in Amsterdam is how often streets are cut off like this,
and how modal filters are not just reserved for smaller neighbourhood streets,
like they are in most other cities. The Amsterdam Autoluw document specifically
mentions this street, Van Woustraat, as a street that would benefit from a knip.
I always hated coming to this street, and 5 years ago I filmed this footage for a video
I called “The Most Dangerous Places to Cycle in Amsterdam.” It was pretty bad.
But this is what that exact same place looks like now, after the street was redesigned
and a modal filter was installed at the North end of the street.
Motor vehicles can still access this street from the South, so local residents can drive
here and the shops can get deliveries. But this place went from being a
car-infested mess that I actively avoided, To a safe, quiet, and inviting street,
And it was almost entirely because most car parking was removed,
And a knip was installed at the end of the street. When I see a street like this that has improved
so much, and yet the only thing that caused that improvement was removing cars, I hope that you
can start to appreciate why so many of my videos focus on the problems of cars in cities.
Because urban places always improve – significantly – whenever cars are removed.
Which is why Amsterdam has installed and plans to install many more modal filters
across the city as a way of controlling car traffic. But in the Amsterdam Autoluw plan,
the city wanted to push the boundaries, to see how far they could take this approach,
so they included a pilot project to see what would happen if they cut this road, here.
This is Weesperstraat, and it’s one of the busiest roads in the city.
This street has a complicated history that involved destroying a lot of people’s houses.
Now it carries about 27 thousand vehicles per day,
and funnels far too much traffic into the centre of Amsterdam
I have a previous video about the Weesperstraat knip that I'll link to in the description,
but this was only a six-week pilot project. So what were the results?
Well, for one, there were a lot fewer cars in the city.
License plate data showed that traffic volumes decreased by 18% in and around the pilot area,
and the number of cars in the city centre dropped by 8%.
You might think that when a knip is installed, it would just mean that every other street
would get busier, but that is not always the case. When driving becomes more difficult or expensive,
what actually happens is that some people get around in other ways.
This is known as “traffic evaporation”, and you can think
of it as the opposite of “induced demand.” Of course, fewer cars along Weesperstraat
resulted in less noise and pollution. Nitrogen dioxide emissions decreased by
14 percent and noise decreased by 5 decibels. The people living directly along Weesperstraat
really liked the knip, with 75 percent of residents reporting that they were
“very satisfied” with the pilot. Residents spent more time outdoors,
spent more time on the street itself, and had more conversations with their neighbours.
People said that they could finally sleep with their windows open because
there wasn’t a constant roar of car traffic. Unfortunately the results weren’t all positive.
While there was a significant decrease in overall car traffic, the remaining drivers re-routed to
the highway much less often than expected, and so their cars ended up on neighbouring streets.
So while three-quarters of residents along Weesperstraat
reported being “very satisfied” with the project. On streets that had an increase in car traffic,
74% said that they were "dissatisfied" with it. This is a very clear example of something I’ve
talked about many times before: nobody likes being around cars.
So when residents of other streets got to experience the traffic that
the residents of Weepsertraat had been living with for years, they hated it.
It may be that, if the knip had been kept in place longer, people would have had more time
to change their travel habits and start using the highway more often, but we will never know.
Another problem was that emergency vehicle response times were slightly longer,
but personally, I don’t think that datapoint is very useful, because I predicted it would
happen in my previous video. The only reason emergency vehicles were slowed down by the
knip was because they needed to wait for this gate to go up so that they could go through.
But the only reason this gate was here was to make sure that drivers actually obeyed the knip.
If the modal filter was enforced in a different way,
such as with license plate cameras that have been used on other streets,
then a knip could have been installed here without affecting emergency response times at all. In
fact, response times likely would’ve been faster because there was less car traffic in the way.
But regardless, the decision of the Amsterdam city council was that
Weesperstrat was not yet ready for a knip. Instead, the city plans to reduce the
speed limit from 50 kilometers per hour to 30 kilometers per hour and reduce the road to one
lane in each direction in several places, In 2023, Amsterdam changed the default
speed limit to 30 kilometers per hour for almost every street and road in the city.
And I made a previous video about that a few years ago, link in the description.
But some of the streets still need to be modified so that the physical design better matches the
new, lowered speed limit, which will take time. Weesperstraat will definitely require a redesign,
which isn’t expected to start until the end of 2026.
But I will make a follow-up video when that work is complete,
to see if it solves some of the problems that cars are causing for residents on this street.
There are lots of other improvements across the city that I'm skipping here, because
there are genuinely too many to talk about. Like how almost all car parking was removed
from the streets in this neighbourhood. But I talked about that in my recent video
about Ferdinand Bolstraat, which has also been nearly car-free since 2018.
There are lots of cities in the world that are building great urban places,
And I've made videos about many of them on this channel.
But I have never experienced a city that has improved so many
streets in such a short period of time as I have in Amsterdam.
With the only exception being maybe Utrecht, About 20 minutes away by train,
Which has also seen some seriously impressive changes over the past few years.
Bicycle Dutch has recently made a video about that, so I'll leave a link in the description.
While street design is a major theme throughout the Amsterdam Autoluw document, there are many
more topics discussed, including improvements to public transit,
promoting the use of electric microcars and light electric trucks for logistics,
expanding the use of carshare services,
how to build enough housing for thousands of new residents,
how to accommodate people with physical disabilities,
how to deal with taxis and tour buses, and much more.
What I appreciate most though, is how this plan was actually taken seriously.
This is not an aspirational document, it’s a very clear plan on how to
build a sustainable and liveable city. And they aren’t afraid to state the hard
fact that most cities try to ignore: that building a truly liveable city requires having fewer cars.
And that means that in planning and engineering departments,
driving must be the lowest-priority form of transportation.
It’s going to be a difficult cultural change, but it’s one that needs to happen,
if we want our cities to be happy, healthy, productive, accessible, sustainable, and safe.
Of course, while installing a knip may be a great way to keep cyclists safe,
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