ميكانيكا الكم│1│الواقع الوهمى - كيف بدأ الكم ؟!

The general idea of ​​the universe that the whole world knows was formed in the seventeenth century by Isaac Newton

I believe that the universe is a big machine that operates according to specific laws

If we know these laws, I can predict the universe in the future

Based on past and present information

Newton actually started making laws that describe everything in the universe, starting with the motion of matters, even the laws of gravity

Until a group of scientists such as Einstein, Niels Bohr, Max Planck and Schrödinger came and stated that the universe has no specific order

The things we are used to seeing are real. They are not real. There is no such thing as past, present, and future

The past can affect the present, the present can affect the future, and the future itself can change the past

This is the universe from the perspective of modern physics and quantum mechanics

“Sharafestien”

After the invention of the lamp in 1879, this is thanks to Thomas Edison, as he was the one who invented it and not someone else

All of Europe was happy that their lives would change

But they did not know that it was the beginning of the curse and that their joy would not be complete

Many questions were hiding in the dark, and when the city lit up, those questions began to appear

The idea of ​​making an Edison lamp is a wire that passes an electric current that heats it up and lights that wire

It was a very great idea, but scientists overlooked the positives and started asking questions

Why when the wire heated up the lamp lights up?

Why is the color of the light emitted by the wire different when the temperature is raised?

At first, the color is red, and when the temperature is raised, the color changes to yellow and then turns to white

[Awkward Silence]

Why the more and more you heat the wire, its color stays white and does not change to another color?

[Awkward Silence]

And why...

Those three questions no one knew the answer to, and whenever a person almost found an answer to a question, he would get a Nobel Prize

Scientists were aware that no one would be able to answer these questions unless they knew what matter is made of

Only then will they find an explanation for it

At the time, it was widely believed that matter consisted of small, round units resembling billiard balls

They cannot be divided and are neutral in electrical charges, that is, they are neither positive nor negative

These units are called atoms

Until a scientist came in 1897 to discover that the atom contains negatively charged balls

These little balls are called electrons

He stated that since the atom contains small balls of negative charge and the atom is electrically neutral, then the rest of the atom is positively charged

He stated that corn is like a watermelon

The black seed is the negative electron

And the watermelon is the positive charge

Then he won the Nobel Prize

Ten years later, another scientist named Rutherford came and had to make sure of this

So he brought a slice of gold and then directed it with alpha rays

It was found that the atom is similar to a watermelon, and most of it is positively charged, and the positive alpha rays that went to the atom bounced back again.

But he noticed that most of the alpha rays pass through the gold chip and a very small part is reflected

He claimed that Thomson does not understand anything and he is the one who has an explanation

He stated since most of the rays passed through the slide, so most of the atom is empty space

The atom is similar to the solar system, with a small positively charged nucleus in the middle

And this is what reflected the small part of the alpha rays

Electrons discovered by Thomson revolve around it, which have a negative charge

He also received a Nobel Prize

In this period a great scientist appeared who proposed a proposal that completely changed the future of physics

It's Max Planck

He did not object to the fact that matter is made up of small pieces called atoms

He did not try to prove it himself

He worked on energy

He stated that energy also consists of small parts and called it quantum

The scientific community wonders how it claims that energy is made up of parts

What a silly theory!

Instead of receiving a Nobel Prize, the new physics was called quantum physics

Or quantum mechanics

And this suggestion was very strange at the time, as you draw someone's bicycle on the wall and tell them that they can drive it

And you want people to believe that

How can energy be broken down into parts?

And is energy a physical thing?

It was unbelievable

And it was then that the scientist Niels Bohr had heard about Max Planck's theory and thought that he would be able to find the answer to the questions of Edison's lamp

People marveled as physics takes an unconventional curve

He stated that Rutherford's interpretation is correct, for the atom is similar to the solar system, the nucleus is positive, and the negative electrons revolve around it.

He stated that electrons have specific orbits in which they revolve

When the electron gains energy, it leaves its orbit and jumps to a higher orbit, then rotates with it for a while, then returns to its original orbit and during its return to its orbit emits light

If the wire of Edison's lamp when heated, the electrons jumped to higher orbits, then orbited for a while, then returned again to their orbits and released the energy they gained in the form of light

So the wire emitted light

If I heat the wire to a lower temperature, that means I am supplying the electron with just enough energy to make it jump into a higher orbit.

This means that when the electron returns to its original orbit, it will emit weak light as a result of it taking a small amount of energy.

And it is red

If you heat the wire more then it will keep the electron from its orbit to two higher orbitals and when it returns to the original orbit it will emit more energy light

And it is yellow

If you heat the wire to a higher temperature, the electron will lock into higher orbits, and when it returns to its original orbit, it will emit light with higher energy.

And it is white

This is the explanation for the change in the color of the light in the wire

Third, the electron must adhere to a certain orbit, either spinning in its original orbit or jumping to a higher orbit

But it will never be between them

As Max Planck stated that light is made up of small parts called quantums, each of these orbits needs electrons to acquire a certain number of quantums in order to be able to jump to it

If the electron gains less quantums, it will not move from its place, and if it gains more quantums than the orbit requires, it will not move from its place.

But how if he gained more quantums he wouldn't jump, he would have gained even higher energy!!

It won't happen

An electron needs a certain number

So when the wire was getting hotter to the max, it only radiated white light

The community was fascinated by this interpretation and he and Max Planck were awarded the Nobel Prize

But if you think about the content of that interpretation, you will find that it is strange

If I am standing at that point and I want to move to that point, I must cross the distance between them

The electron does not

An electron stands in its orbit and gets quantums that enable it to move to a higher orbit

It disappears from orbit and appears in a new orbit

without cutting the distance between the two orbits

But how? Nomatter knows.

Does it go to a parallel universe and then come back? Or does it travel in time?

All of these are philosophical interpretations, and no one can find a logical answer

But society was satisfied with this interpretation because it was an answer to many questions

During this period, Einstein was working on the photoelectric theory

He noted that if you have two wires separated from each other, then spotted a light source on them, an electric current will pass between them

This means that the light was able to collide with the electrons in the two wires and release them

This is the idea of ​​​​the work of solar cells that produce electrical energy using sunlight

Einstein found that the intensity of the light is not the cause, but the color of the light

For example, if I have a blue light that is very weak, it can liberate electrons from the wire

Whereas if I had a very strong red light it would not be able to affect the electrons

Does that make you think of anything?

Edison lamp wire

When I raise the temperature to a certain value, the color of the light does not change

So each color of light has a different number of quantums

The electron chooses the quantums it needs

Salute to Einstein for inventing the photoelectric theory and giving him the Nobel Prize

But then Einstein discovered that he had made a terrible mistake in physics

Electrons are very small balls

That is, it is material

Or something called a particle

So the thing that hit him must be physical

to be able to move it

The billiard balls will not move unless they are hit by another ball

Thus, Einstein's conclusion means that light is an object with mass, and this is not what was known at the time

Newton in the seventeenth century believed, as did Einstein, that light were small balls

But after him came a scientist named Hooke and did an experiment that we won't go into details right now

And he discovered that light is not small balls and is not material and you cannot catch it

And that light is a wave

And all the experiments that came after Hooke's interpretation proved that light is a wave and not a particle

But what is a wave?

A wave is a disturbance of matter

For example, if it is a water wave, then it is the disturbance that occurs to the water, not the water itself

If you create a wave with a rope, then the rope guide is the disturbance that occurs in the rope and moves it up and down, not the rope itself

A light wave is the disturbance of light

who is not materialistic

And it has no mass

wait a moment!

What is this! It doesn't make sense, what will move!

They stated it was a disturbance

Isn't turbulence only for mass materials?

Light has no mass, but this is a disturbance

And all the experiments proved that it is a disorder

Einstein wouldn't explain light as little balls again

We will not go back to the seventeenth century

Einstein explained

Light is neither directed nor particle

Light is directed and particle

Both

This was the first strange explanation in quantum mechanics

At the same time there was a student named De Broglie who had just obtained his Ph.D.

Heard about Einstein's work

He liked it and decided to do his own experiments

Einstein stated that light can be both positive and particle at the same time

And he won a Nobel for that

But since light can repel an electron, then the electron can be both a wave and a particle at the same time

deserves a Nobel

This explanation is very dangerous if the light can be a wave and a particle, but how does the electron become directed?

This interpretation is contrary to reason and logic

Because that means that the atom is a wave and matter is a wave

That is, you, me, De Broglie, Einstein, and all people are waves

Just wave strikes, meaning there is nothing real

The fact is not the fact

And despite what De Broglie stated, he got his Ph.D. and the Nobel Prize

But he left behind a very big question

The electron that has mass, how does it become a wave, and if it is a wave, where is its place in this wave and how does it expand inside it?

Until after him came a scientist called Schrödinger

Yes who has a cat

He is the one who solved the problem

And he created an equation called the wave equation that explains how the electron moves

excellent

So where is the electron?

didn't know

So we need to explain the equation in order to be able to imagine it

And he couldn't do that either

This equation only describes its motion

All I want is a Nobel Prize

He has been awarded a Nobel

Another scientist named Heisenberg saw that Schrödinger was disappointed when he couldn't find a rational explanation

He thought that this question should not be asked

And he worked out a famous principle called the uncertainty principle, and he stated that the location and speed of an electron cannot be determined at the same time

That is, either you consider the electron a vector and know how it moves

But don't ask where it is

Or that you consider the electron a particle that looks like a small ball, but do not ask how it moves

They felt that Heisenberg was offering a logical explanation, so they gave him the Nobel

Immediately after him came a scientist named Max Born and set out to solve the dilemma

Although he could not figure out how to locate the electron during its motion

But he was able to know the probability of the presence of the electron in a particular place

For example, if I have a wave, the electron can be found here by 50%

Or a 30% chance of him being here.

There is a 20% chance that he will be here.

Or maybe it's not here at all

Max Born took the Schrödinger equation and modified it

And he created a new equation by which you can find out the probability of the existence of the electron

Like any other world that has gone through this

He got a Nobel

But it means that when you exist from Bohr's point of view,

I became present and non-existent at the same time from De Broglie's point of view

From Max Born's point of view, your existence becomes probability

And if you wonder at these explanations, because this is not the fact as you see it

You must know that the phone you are using works with these theories, LED Lights, and electron microscopy

and magnetic resonance imaging

And you should know that the upcoming episodes will become even stranger than this episode

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Salam!